ASSESSMENT OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN COMMONLY CONSUMED VEGETABLES SOLD IN SOKOTO MARKET

This study assessed pesticide residues in two commonly consumed vegetables—tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea)—collected from selected markets in Sokoto metropolis. The research aimed to identify the types and levels of pesticide residues, evaluate their compliance with international Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs), and determine potential health risks to consumers. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS), following the QuEChERS extraction protocol, was employed for qualitative and semi- quantitative analysis. Results revealed that tomato samples contained both parent pesticide residues, including oxalic acid esters and halogenated hydrocarbons, and degradation products such as long-chain alcohols. In contrast, spinach samples showed only degradation derivatives like carbonic acid esters and alcohols, with no intact parent residues detected. The residue- related chromatographic area was higher in tomato (7.1%) than in spinach (4.3%), suggesting greater residue persistence in tomatoes. Although overall residue levels were below Codex Alimentarius Commission limits, the persistence of parent compounds in tomatoes and the uncertain toxicity of degradation products in spinach highlight potential long-term exposure risks. The study recommends regular residue monitoring, farmer training on safe pesticide use, and adoption of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies to enhance food safety and promote sustainable agriculture in Nigeria.