PRODUCTION AND CHARATERIZATION OF BIODIESEL USING SHEA BUTTER AND IRON (III) OXIDE/KAOLIN AS HETEROGENOUS CATALYST

This project investigated the production and characterization of biodiesel from shea nut butter (Vitellaria paradoxa) seed oil using iron(III) oxide supported on kaolin as a heterogeneous catalyst. The study highlighted the oil's high yield and sustainability, along with the advantages of using heterogeneous catalysts, such as easier recovery and reduced side reactions. Biodiesel was synthesized through transesterification, and the efficiency of the iron(III) oxide on kaolin catalyst was assessed. The characterization of the produced biodiesel revealed a density of 0.99 g/cm³, indicating a higher mass per unit volume than typical biodiesel. The viscosity was measured at 147 mPas, significantly exceeding standard biodiesel ranges, which may impact flow characteristics and combustion efficiency. The pour point was recorded at -5.1°C, suggesting adequate performance in cooler temperatures, though it may solidify in extreme cold. The acid value was found to be 10.09 mg KOH/g, indicating a higher level of free fatty acids that could challenge engine performance and necessitate further processing to improve fuel quality. These findings underscore the potential of shea butter as a biodiesel feedstock while identifying areas for improvement in processing methods. Overall, while shea butter biodiesel shows promise as a renewable energy source, further optimization is needed to meet industry standards and enhance its practical performance. Important properties such as density and pour point were compared to ASTM and EN standards for biodiesel, indicating that shea butter methyl ester could serve as a viable alternative to diesel fuel.