ORAL HEALTH STATUS OF PUPILS IN JOS NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA

ABSTRACT Oral health is a critical but often neglected component of child health, particularly in low- and middle-income settings. Poor oral hygiene practices and limited access to dental care contribute to the high prevalence of dental caries in children. This study assessed the oral hygiene practices, dental caries status, and microbiological profile of pupils in Jos North Local Government Area, Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 50 pupils selected from five primary schools. Data on socio-demographic characteristics and oral hygiene practices were collected using structured questionnaires. Dental caries experience was assessed using the Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (dmft) index. Oral swabs were cultured to identify bacterial and fungal isolates, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. The majority of pupils (50%) were aged 8–10 years, with slightly more males (56%) than females (44%). Most pupils (80%) brushed only once daily, all used fluoride toothpaste, and 80% consumed sugary drinks daily. Dental visits were rare (10%), largely due to cost and lack of perceived need. Caries prevalence was high across age groups: 82.4% (5–7 years), 94.1% (8–10 years), and 93.8% (11–12 years). Mean dmft scores indicated moderate severity (2.12–2.38). Sixteen bacterial and fungal isolates were identified, with Streptococcus spp. (19.5%), Lactobacillus acidophilus (9.8%), and Veillonella parvula (9.8%) being most common. Most isolates were sensitive to first-line antibiotics, though emerging resistance was noted in Staphylococcus aureus and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Primary school pupils in Jos North exhibit poor oral hygiene practices, high caries prevalence, and diverse cariogenic microbial profiles. There is an urgent need for school-based oral health education, preventive interventions, and strengthened access to affordable dental care.