STUDYING THE MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF ANTIBIOTICS AGAINST BACTERIA RESISTANCE

Antibiotics have been used to cure bacterial infections for more than 70 years, and these low molecular-weight bioactive agents have also been used for a variety of other medicinal applications. In the battle against microbes, antibiotics have certainly been a blessing to human civilization by saving millions of lives. Globally, infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are on the rise. Antibiotics are being used to combat diversified bacterial infections. Synthetic biology techniques, in combination with molecular, functional genomic, and metagenomic studies of bacteria, plants, and even marine invertebrates are aimed at unlocking the world's natural products faster than previous methods of antibiotic discovery. Given the emergence and rapid expansion of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria, this issue has received considerable attention. Antibiotic resistance can be intrinsic, acquired, or adaptive. Therefore, efforts for antibiotic development and studies on the mechanisms of resistance should be continuous and resilient. Chapter three focuses on experimental design, research methods, and procedures used to study the mechanisms of action of antibiotics and how bacterial resistance develops. The instrument used was Conical Flask, Hedonic scale, Autoclave, Petri Dish, and Nutrients Agar. The bacteria stain were staphylococcus and Scold species. Resistance Detection Methods were Disk Diffusion (Kirby-Bauer Method), Broth Microdilution (MIC Testing), Whole-Genome Sequencing (WGS) and DNA Sequencing. Based on the findings of the study, it revealed that antibiotic Sensitivity Test using Maxi Disc which proved that under the organism staphylococcus shows the following antibiotic gram and zone inhibition in mm with sensitivity/resistant the following C (0.00) R, APX (2.10cm) S, N (0.00) R, AM (0.00) R, R (0.00) R, CPX (0.00)R, AZ (2.01) S, LEV (3.00) S, E (3.10) S, and PEF (2.00) S. The results of the antibiotic sensitivity test using Maxi Disc reveal significant insights into the susceptibility profile of Staphylococcus isolates. The test demonstrated varying levels of sensitivity and resistance to the antibiotics tested, providing critical information for treatment strategies. It also revealed that the organism E.coli shows the following antibiotic gram and zone inhibition in mm with sensitivity/resistant the following NA (0.00) R, PET (0.00) R, CN (1.00) S, AU (1.00) S, CPX (2.00) S, SXT (1.00) S, S (1.00) S, PN (0.00) S, CEP (0.00) R, OFX (1.00) S and NA (0.00) R respectively. It was therefore recommended that a complete understanding of the resistance mechanisms is of paramount importance for developing novel strategies to cope with this threat. We need to know that microorganisms will respond to the new and pre-existed antibiotics by developing resistance and veterinary services, including veterinarians and veterinary paraprofessionals, have a key role in fighting against antimicrobial resistance by regulating and supervising antimicrobial use, offering professional advice to farmers and animal owners, and collaborating with the human healthcare sector