DRUG ABUSE AND DEVIANT BEHAVIOR AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF IMO STATE UNIVERSITY

1 ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECT OF MAINTENANCE IN BUILDING SUSTAINABILITY BY IWUAMADI EMMANUEL CHIJIOKE 2018/118581 DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES ABIA STATE UNIVERSITY UTURU MAY, 2024. 2 ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECT OF MAINTENANCE IN BUILDING SUSTAINABILITY BY IWUAMADI EMMANUEL CHIJIOKE 2018/118581/REGULAR A PROJECT SUBMITED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES ABIA STATE UNIVERSITY, UTURU. IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.Sc) DEGREE IN BUILDING SUPERVISED BY PROF DAVID O. ONWUKA MAY, 2024 3 APPROVAL PAGE This is to certify that this project was done by IWUAMADI EMMANUEL CHIJIOKE with the mat. No. 2018/118581/REGULAER that to the best of my knowledge, this is the original work of the candidate, and the project is accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of science (B.Sc) in Building. ………………………………….. ………………….. Prof David O. Onwuka Date (Supervisor) .................................. .................... Bldr Dr. Oscar Onumadu Date (HOD) ................................... ..................... Prof. G.C. Alozie Date (Dean) .................................. ..................... Date (External Examiner) 4 DEDICATION This research work is dedicated to God Almighty and to Iwuamadi’s family. 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the course of writing this research work, I received lots of encouragements, assistance and help from various sources. First and foremost, I wish to thank Prof David.O. Onwuka my supervisor, the head of department building technology Bldr Dr Oscar Onumadu, Prof G.C. Alozie (Dean), Engr. Grant Onwuka, Bldr Richard Maduka, Bldr Obinna (Academic advisor) etc, for the assistance and encouragement they gave me. Also I am grateful to all my lecturers Prof David O. Onwuka, Engr. Grant Onwuka, Bldr Richard Maduka, Bldr Dr Oscar Onumadu and many others for their invaluable contributions. I also wishes to express my appreciation to my colleagues and friends for their support throughout this program; the Men of Integrity (G5), Chukwu Ifeanyi, Uche Obinna, Omar Better, Okafor Mercy, Emmanuel Blessing Adaeze and others. It won’t be complete without mentioning my parents Chief Elder A.O. Osuagwu and Deaconess mother Grace O. Osuagwu, my Siblings, Dede Maira, CJ Enterprises, Genma Constructions Nigeria and many others. Lastly, I appreciate the Authors of many excellent text books, journals, lecture notes that guided and influenced the writing of this work. My greatest gratitude goes to the Almighty God, the Author and finisher of my faith. Without Him, I wouldn’t have gone this far in life. 6 TABLE OF CONTENT Cover Page i Title Page ii Approval Page iii Dedication iv Acknowledgement v Abstract vii CHAPTER ONE: INTRIDUCTION Background of the study 1 Research problem 2 Aims and objectives 3 Significance of the study 3 Research questions 4 Hypothesis 4 The scope of the study 5 Limitation of the study 5 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Conceptual framework 6 The concept of maintenance 8 The coverage of maintenance 8 Objective and goals of building maintenance 9 Types of maintenance 14 Planning of maintenance work 16 Maintenance programming 18 Permit for maintenance 19 7 Causes of maintenance problem 20 Design components for maintenance strength 22 Lack of integration of construction processes 26 Maintenance management 27 Planning 28 Summary of Review of Literature 29 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODS Research design 30 Population for the study area 30 Sampling technique 30 Sampling population and sample size 31 Method of data collection 31 Instrument for data analysis 32 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results 34 Hypothesis testing 39 Discussion of result 41 CHAPTER FIVE Summary 43 Recommendation 43 Conclusion 45 8 ABSTRACT Building maintenance is commonly known or includes cleaning common areas, removing trash regularly and repairing items that are broken. It also involve inspecting, repairing and maintaining electrical systems, heating and air conditioning systems and other utility services. This research work is done using a quantitative method because it deals with numeric data. Data were collected from field workers and it’s presented and analyzed in chapter four, they were analyzed using pie chart, histogram, percentage etc. Data were collected from the occupants of Ikenegbu layout, comprising of those in residential buildings and in the commercial building. There were total of 40 respondents of which the landlords and tenants were 25, including banks and fast food restaurants. Adequate maintenance roles ensures safety of the building, inhabitants of the building and the environment in general, Maintenance also assures quality control in order to safeguard attractive environment (building), and enhance sub-standard ones. This does not only resolve maintenance problems, but tries to reduce the cost of operative and services. Efficiency of operations is derived through adequate maintenance. Thus, this enhances the comfort of the building of the users. Maintenance also assure structural integrity (i.e. the building can stand any further reconstruction), protection, compliance with environmental regulation, containment and even the appearances of the building. Based on the findings of this study as outlined in the preceding chapter, and also anticipate problems that may be faced on the maintenance of buildings, the following recommendations are seem deemed and advisable for the realization of the aims and objectives of such buildings. i. In order to improve the attitude of Nigerians as a whole towards the role of building maintenance, a result oriental public awareness campaign is necessary so as to intimate the public with the benefits desirable from a well organized routine preventive building maintenance system. The campaign could be in the form television slots, normal private conversation and service to client by professionals. ii. The government should look seriously into the possibility of establishing a national board for protection and maintenance of public and private buildings. iii. Property owners should also follow suit by making sure that their properties are properly managed, protected and adequately maintained by trained individuals in these various fields. iv. The various professionals in the building industry have a big role to play in the cause of rendering professional service to help the building maintenance manager work properly and smoothly. This research work was based on the sustainability of buildings as regards to maintenance, taking its care study from Owerri. 9 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Building maintenance is a major activity in the construction industry, though with the low rate of maintenance work, almost the total output of the construction is devoted to this activity as it aims to update and sustain existing structure to contemporary standards. Maintenance starts immediately after the completion of a building and should be planned at the design stage, so as to arrest any structural defect before it mature in its liability period and beyond. It is important to note that it is practically impossible to produce buildings that are maintenance free, Maintenance of buildings in Nigeria and in the building industry, has been neglected, as little or no attention is giving to it by the building owners and the property developers. In Nigeria, most professionals never thought of maintenance when designing buildings, instead, they always point accusing fingers at one another and mostly tenants, landlords, maintenance personnel, as well as weather condition and natural calamities when buildings fail. It is known that maintenance objectives, are primarily to preserve buildings in their initial functional, structural and aesthetic states. This is to ensure that they continue to remain in such states and retain their investment value over a long period of existence. However, looking into our buildings in Nigeria, one notices and array of abandoned and epileptically functioning facilities. Though many theories and hypothesis are postulated daily on building issues and 10 especially on building maintainability, maintenance problems remain unaddressed and unresolved. A good maintenance role is essential to the health, safety and well-being of any community. Unless a community has well maintained buildings and workable planning system, among other things, improved social, economic expansion will be difficult, if not impossible to achieve and sustain. Over the past years, maintenance has been a very big problem, maybe due to large increase in the number and variety of physical assets, which must be maintained and the changing views on maintenance and repairs. At the same time, the limitations of maintenance systems, are becoming increasingly apparent, no matter how much they are computerized. In the face of avalanche of changes, managers, landlords, property developers, tenants, maintenance personnel are looking for a new approach to solving maintenance problems. 1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS. Ensuring that building are preserved in their initial functional, structural, and aesthetic states, designers, engineers, e.t.c, are lead to a better understanding of the functionality of these buildings. Achieving these basic functional requirements, which are according to Moubry John (2012) maintenance problems, results in asking of question such as: (i) How can the most appropriate techniques be selected?. (ii) How can all the expectations of the owners of the assets, the users and the society be met?. (iii) How can one work in the most cost effective fashion (iv) How can the active support and co-operation of all the sectors involved be secured. 11 1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY Aim of the study; The aim of this research is to assess the roles of maintenance in building sustainability and this aim will be achieved with the following objectives they are; (i) examine the present practices and problems of the maintenance of building in Owerri so as to determine their sustainability. (ii) assess the challenges in the existing maintenance system that affected maintenance of building. However, the primary aims of maintenance is to ensure that building continue to perform in a reliable useful way, which includes; good appearance (aesthetics). Continuity of function, retaining value on investment. These aims are achieved through the purpose of this study which assesses the level of role of maintenance in building sustainability with reference to buildings in Owerri. Above all, the goal should be to maintain each building regularly to a standard which will carry the building through one repair cycle to another. 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS. (i) What are the present practices and problems of maintenance? That affects the sustainability of buildings. (ii) What are the existing maintenance systems weakness and inadequacies that affected the maintenance of buildings in Owerri 12 (iii) What are the influences of the negligence of maintenance on buildings and their occupants. (iv) What are the measures/polices to be taken towards effective and productive maintenance management efficient? (iii) What are the measures necessary for an effective maintenance Role as a means of sustainability in building? 1.5 HYPOTHESES. The following hypothesis provides the basis for the test; Ho: The present maintenance practice and it’s problems has significant effect on the sustainability of buildings Ho: The challenges of existing maintenance systems affect significantly the maintenance of buildings in Owerri 1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY. Adequate maintenance roles ensures safety of the building, inhabitants of the building and the environment in general, Maintenance also assures quality control in order to safeguard attractive environment (building), and enhance sub-standard ones. This does not only resolve maintenance problems, but tries to reduce the cost of operative and services. Efficiency of operations is derived through adequate maintenance. Thus, this enhances the comfort of the building of the users. Maintenance also assure 13 structural integrity (i.e. the building can stand any further reconstruction), protection, compliance with environmental regulation, containment and even the appearances of the building. 1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY. The research works in encapsulates all the areas of maintenance which includes the types of maintenance necessary to handle all the maintenance problem arising from the case study. This research work is limited to Owerri, of which 70% of its occupants are civil servants, who are middle class citizens. Most of the buildings, especially those in old Owerri, consist the oldest buildings in Owerri, requiring maintenance at the present area. The maintenance of these buildings will be of interest, due to no adequate plans for maintenance where made as already drawn plans were brought and was shared to anyone capable of building. 1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY This research was hampered to an extent by time and getting the respondents for the oral interview was also a problem. This was as a results of lack of time on their own side according to some of them. But with added effort from both parties, this research was successful. 14 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK. There are many definitions of maintenance. The British standard (BS) 3811: (1984) defined maintenance as; “the combination of all technical and associated administrative actions intended to retain an item in, or restore it to a state, which it can perform its required function”. According to Obodoh (2012) “maintenance is said to be work undertaken in order to keep, or restore or improve every facility, i.e., every part of the building, its services and surrounding to a currently acceptable standard and sustain the utility and value of its facility”. From the above, the words in the definition, according to Obodoh (2012): keep-work carried is out in anticipation if failure (preventive); restore-work carried out after failure (corrective) and Improve – work carried out to elevate the standard or change its present purpose (reconstruction). He went further to say that maintenance is work carried out to retain the functions of a facility to an acceptable standard. The phrase, acceptable 15 standard refers to that condition or state of a building, acceptable to the person receiving the benefit, to the public at large or specified section of the public. Standards are improved, it may be higher or lower than the initial design, but however, buildings are modified to accommodate new uses. From the engineering view point, there are two elements to the management f any physical asset, (a.) must be maintained, (b) from time to time there may also be need to be modified. The major dictionaries, defined maintenance as “the cause to continue” (oxford) or “keep in an existing state”. This suggests that maintenance means preserving something. On the other hand it is agreed that to modify something means to change it in some way. However, this study focuses in maintenance at this point. Moubray (2012) stated that maintenance is ensuring that physical assets e.g. buildings continues to do what their users wants them to do. When one sets out to maintain something, there are two questions that readily come to our mind (a) what is it that the user wants to cause to continue? (b) What is the existing state that requires preservation? The answer to these questions can be found in the fact that every physical is put into service because someone wants it to do something. In other words, they expect it to fulfil a specific function or functions. So, it follows that when one maintains an asset, the state one wish to preserve, must be one in which it continues to do whatever its users want it to do. The technology of maintenance according to Seeley (2014) explain that maintenance seeks to preserve a building in its initial state, so that it continues to serve its purpose, and it’s an essential component in the life cycle of a building. The construction field is particularly prone to lose interpretations, which to Seeley (2014) defines maintenance as all construction works other than new capital work undertaken to keep a 16 building in a satisfactory state of preservation. Preservation in this definition does not only apply to buildings alone, but also the health and safety of occupants and to the environment including the community. To that effect Milton (2015) stated that it implies that components, have to be put in that same condition as they were when they was first put to use. This is most arduous burden to place on upon a user, but on it is essential for the health, safety and well being of the occupants, those outside the building and to the environment, who could be affected by the catastrophic loss of containment. Maintenance management as defined by Allyson (2015) is the selection of the goals procurement, organization and the control of necessary resources for their achievement. Management is concerned with the dynamic of circumstances and activities, and it is general motivated by the need to economize the use of resources and time in achieving predetermined objectives. 2.1.1 THE CONCEPT OF MAINTENANCE. Building maintenance is one of the major components of a buildings life cycle. The full cycle is categorized into the following. (i) Conceptualizing a new project (design) (ii) Project implementation (construction) (iii) Maintenance (sustaining the utility) (iv) Obsolescence ( run down stage) It is obvious that the above stages are interwoven. However, the action which take place in the first stage have great effect on maintenance stage. For example, the effectiveness of design, choice of quality standard in terms of specification and assembly, the care taken in the use of the 17 facility, exposure of circumstances, etc affect the status of maintenance. Andrew (2019) stated that maintenance therefore, is designed to the conditions of the facilities and keep it in a sustainable when still in use. 2.1.2 THE COVERAGE OF MAINTENANCE. Maintenance as a service covers every aspect of building environment, particularly the buildings assets and infrastructural facilities. Such facilities spread across the project in several sectors of the economy which includes agriculture, commerce, energy, building construction, environment, defence, etc. The spread also extends to social sectors such as roads, electricity, telecommunications, etc. It is a note worthy that such project has implication for regular maintenance for sustainability. 2.1.3 OBJECTIVES AND GOALS OF BUILDING MAINTENANCE. According to Bamisile (2020), the major objectives of building maintenance are; (i) To ensure that the functional requirements of the facility are attained at all times. (ii) To create conducive and a tenable accommodation for owners and occupants. (iii) To enhance the quality of the building structure to meet modern requirements. (iv) To prolong the life span of the buildings. (v) To preserve the physical characteristics of the building and associated so as to reflect fewer breakdown and thereby reduce the probability of early failure. (vi) To ensure that assets are kept at reasonable standard and at least cost. 18 (vii) To maximize the economic and financial returns from the use of the building. Most people become engineers, because they feel at least some affinity for things, be it mechanical, electrical, civil or structural. This affinity leads them to derive pleasure from assets that are in condition, but to feel offended when assets are in bad condition. These reflexes have always been at the heart of the concept of preventive maintenance. They have given rise to concepts such as assets care which as the name implies seeks to care for assets per se. They have also led some maintenance strategist to believe that maintenance is all about preserving the inherent reliability or built-in capability of any asset. In fact, this is not so. This emphasis on what the asset does rather than what it provides is a whole new way of defining the objectives of maintenance for any asset. According to Roy (2018) states that one must gain a crystal clear understanding of the function of each asset together with the associated performance standard, by asking question like; what are the functions and associated performance standard of the asset in its present operating standard context? Moubray (2012) opines that the objective of maintenance is to ensures assets continues to do what their users wants them to do. He went further to say that the extent to which any user wants the asset to do something can be defined as the maximum performance without deteriorating in anyway, then that will be the end of the matter. This means that when any asset is put into service, it must be able to deliver more than minimum standard of performance desired by the user. This means that performance can be defined in two ways; (a) desired performance [what the user wants the asset to do], (b) built-in 19 capability [what the asset can do]. Maintenance helps to ensure that asset continue to fulfil their intended functions, either by ensuring that their capability serves the minimum standard desired by the user or by restoring something approaching the initial capacity and by how it is made. (d) Maintenance can only restore the asset to this initial level of capacity, it cannot go beyond it. INITIAL CAPABILITY (What the asset can do) Figure 2.1 A maintainable asset (reliability-centred maintenance) Source: Moubray, 1 Maintenance cannot raise the capability of the asset above this level The objective of maintenance is to ensure that capability stays above this level Maintenance achieves its objectives by maintaining the capability of the asset in this zone DESIRED PERFORMANCE (what the user wants the asset to do) The objective of maintenance is to ensure that the capability stays above this level Maintenance cannot raise the capability of the asset above this level, so it is not maintainable 20 Figure 2.2: A non maintainable asset (Reliability-centred Maintenance) Source: Moubray, 2012 Two conclusions which can be drawn from the above examples are that: (a) For any asset to be maintainable, the desired performance of the asset must fall within the envelope of its initial capability. (b) In order to determine whether this is so, one only need to know the initial capability of the asset, but one also need to know exactly what minimum performance that user is prepared to accept in the context in which the asset is been used. This outlines the importance of identifying precisely what the user want when starting to develop a maintenance program. According to Obodoh (2012), the primary aims of maintenance are: (a) Good appearance of the building, which includes the natural and ratification beauty of any facility, maintaining the facility so that it is pleasing to the eyes. The maintenance of buildings ensures good appearance to the public. (b) Continuity of function is the responsibility of an individual or group of individual to maintain an existing building so that its function is retained. This means maintaining the building in a condition in which it continues to fulfil its required functions. (c) Retaining value on investment is the desire of any building to retain value of money invested on it. To achieve this, the building requires maintenance in order to justify the investment. In a case where the 21 house owner fail to maintain the building or maintain it themselves and deduct the cost from their rents. According to Iwuanyanwu (n.d), the rationales for maintenance are; (a) To maintain to an acceptable quality standard particularly to existing structural fabrics and facility which meets current taste demands. (b) To raise the quality of life existing facilities which have fallen below existing taste and demands. (c) To prolong the lifespan of a building particularly at a time when the cost of new projects are escalating due to inflation and in the phase of shortage of funds for construction. (d) To upgrade as in renewal, particularly where existing have deteriorated beyond what moral repairs and maintenance can rectify. (e) To attract higher rental income particularly evident on conversion of residential accommodation into offices and shops where feasible. Obodoh (n.d) in his own viewed, gave the following as major objectives of building maintenance; (a) To ensure that the function requirement of the facility is attained at all times. (b) To create a conducive and tenantable accommodation for owners and occupants or users. (c) To enhance the quality of building structure to meet modern day requirements. 22 (d) To prolong the life span of the building. (e) To preserve the physical characteristics of the building and associated services so as reflect fewer breakdown and thereby reduce the probability of early failure. (f) To ensure that asset are kept at a reasonable standard and at least cost. (g) To maximize the economic and financial returns and from the use the building. (h) To ensure the safety of the occupants. 2.1.4 TYPES OF MAINTENANCE. The British standards BS: (1998) divided maintenance into planned and unplanned maintenance. Planned maintenance was further divided into preventive and corrective maintenance. The planned preventive maintenance is the work directed to the prevention of failure and is carried out within the expected life of the facility to ensure its continued operation. This is done at predetermined interval during the expected life of the building. The planned corrective maintenance is work performed to restore a facility or improve on its operation to an acceptable standard. This is work carried out after the breakdown of the facility. Seeley (2014) categorizes building maintenance in the following terms and definition; (a) Planned maintenance: The maintenance organized and carried out with forethought, control and the use of records of predetermined Plan. (b) Unplanned maintenance: The maintenance carried out at predetermined plan. 23 (c) Preventive maintenance: The maintenance carried out at predetermined intervals or corresponding to prescribe and intended to reduce the probability of failure or the performance degradation of an item. (d) Corrective maintenance: The maintenance carried out after the failure has occurred and intended to restore an item to state in which it can perform it required function. (e) Emergency maintenance: The maintenance which is necessary to in hand immediately to avoid serious consequences. This is sometimes referred to as day to day maintenance, resulting from such incident as gas leaks. (f) Condition – based maintenance: The preventive maintenance initiated as a result of knowledge of the condition of an item form routine or continuous monitoring. (g) Scheduled maintenance: The preventive maintenance carried out at predetermined interval of time, number of operations, mileage etc. Seeley (2014) further classified maintenance as: (a) Major repair or restoration: works such as re – roofing or rebuilding defective walls and often incorporating an element of improvement. (b) Periodic maintenance: a typical example being annual contract for decoration and the like. (c) Routine or day to day maintenance which is largely of the preventive type, such as checking rain water, gutter and serving mechanical and electrical installations. Speeding (2004) in his book, CIOB handbook of facilities management showed two major activities in maintenance, namely response maintenance and programmed maintenance. 24 Planned maintenance and programmed maintenance are synonymous and are taken to mean the organization of work which has been initiated by management, rather than by the tenant or client. Response maintenance can be divided into normal maintenance and emergency maintenance; these are categories which reflect the nature of the response rather than the actual work done. For example, emergency work for housing is normally carried out the same day the fault is reported. Programmed maintenance can be categorized by two subgroups. First preventive maintenance predetermined interval to minimize the probability of element and components below required standards. Secondly cyclical work, include painting and repairs prior to painting. Periodic maintenance work consists of work done for health and safety reasons. Cyclical maintenance can be categorized condition independent work, which is work that is carried out at specific times irrespective of the condition of the elements or components involved. Preventive maintenance can also be categorized as condition-dependent; the work should only be carried out when an element has reached its optimum life span and where action is necessary to prevent further deterioration of elements or components. Response maintenance is the name given to the user of the property, normally the tenant. The tenant is usually responsible for some of the minor and this will be stated in the tenancy agreement. All other repairs are normally reported to the landlord, or to the landlord’s agents. 2.1.5 PLANNING OF MAINTENANCE WORK. Obodoh (2012) grouped planning maintenance work under the following two systems namely. 25 i. Schedule/Budget system. ii. Contingency system. i. Schedule/budget system: This covers items which tend to deteriorate at a more or less uniform rate with no degree of urgency. This procedure takes the following forms. (a) Schedule work to be carried out at predetermined times. This applies where incident of failure can be predicted with some accuracy or where the periods are fixed by statue or contact for instance a house requiring painting at fixed interval say every five years. (b) Scheduling work to be carried out at predetermined times to prevent failure or imminent failure. This is where the exact time of failure is not known in certainty; hence inspections are carried to determine whether or not the work is actually necessary. (c) Scheduling work and inspection could be carried out predetermined times. This applies where there is certainty in predicting that certain work will be necessary at a particular time. Hence inspection is necessary to determine the extent of any further work. ii. Contingency system. This entails a policy of waiting until the compliant is received from the user before taking action. A necessary feature of this system is the need to introduce a delayed period between receipts of the request and the actual execution of the work. The main difference between scheduling and 26 contingency maintenance is that time between notification and execution is greater for contingency system. 2.1.6 MAINTENANCE PROGRAMMING. This is grouped into three major methods namely: i. Long term programming; This a major over haul of the property scheduled to take effect within a long period of time say from ten years and above. It can scheduled by an establishment to carry out maintenance work on a property for example every ten years with the following purposes; (a) determining the general level of expenditure on maintenance to achieve the desired standard. (b) To avoid large fluctuation in annual items and any back-log (when there are many work done). (c) To determine the structural and staffing of maintenance organization and whether it will be an advantage to employ operative directly to carry out part or the whole of the work. (d) To gear the maintenance programming to company policy so that it is compactable with decisions relating to use of building. (e) To consider the effect of proposed capital work on the maintenance organization. ii. Medium term programming. This involves maintenance of a property annually. The object of the medium or annual programming is to provide a more accurate assessment 27 of the amount of work to be carried out during the forth coming year and to form basis for the financial budget when planning for the medium term programming. Some of the considerations are: (a) Timing the work in relation to the needs of the organization. (b) Apportioning the amount included in the budget to specific jobs or areas of work for control purpose. (c) Fixing an appropriate time scale for the preparation of contract document and tendering procedure where work is let to outside contractors and for the advanced purchase of materials where the work is to be carried out by direct labour. (d) Providing a uniform and continuous flow of work for all trades in direct labour force so as to avoid on the other hand the use of men to work overtime at enhanced rate of pay to deal with periods of excessive demands. iii Short term programming: This work is carried out monthly. The short term programming involves maintenance work carried out monthly, weekly, or daily basis. In this case, the total work load is normally allocated to some months of the year in which work will be carried out. Where the work will be carried out. Where the work will be carried out by outside contractors, the commencement and completion dates should also indicate the date when the various pre- contract processes should be initiated and completed. 2.1.7 PERMIT FOR MAINTENANCE. 28 Ralph (2016) stated that, in hand over of building from production to use, the main points of information to be transmitted by the production personnel are: (i) The identity of the item or items on which maintenance is needed. (ii) There should be a clear description of the work to be done to the assigned assets. (iii) There should also be a statement and guarantee that all normal and necessary precautions for the work as specified have been taken e.g. complete isolation of the item or items from process materials electricity service fluids, as well as the elimination of process materials. (iv) A statement of the remaining hazards facing the maintenance facing the maintenance workers and any special protective clothing, equipment and precautions which he or they should use. (v) It must be clear at this point that the nature of the work to be done largely determines the precautions which have to be taken. 2.1.8 CAUSES OF MAINTENANCE PROBLEMS. According to Stephen (2018) “building services rarely perform as well as desired. The causes emanate from deficiencies in design, construction, commissioning, tenancy work and maintenance”. Many researchers have also observed that the generators or causes of maintenance problems could be looked at under three main divisions. (a) Causes initiated during the design stage. (b) Causes initiated during the construction stage. (c) Causes initiated during the usage stage or the users carefree attitude (maintenance culture). 29 It is however of the opinion that all these could be planned for during the design stage. However, unfortunately, by the provision of the normal contract system, designers of buildings rarely have a long span interest in the building they produced; hence, they become divorced from the maintenance problem that follow from their bad designs. The crucial point for this work therefore emphasizes the cause initiated during the design stage and how planning at this stage can be employed to incapacitate other causes during the other stages. Maintenance problem though, do manifest during the use of building, their causes might be during the design stage. According to Arayela and Adams (2001) it is often said that building defects on the drawing board, but in some cases, they can originate at an earlier stage. Inadequate brief may lay down totally unrealistic cost limits or fail to give vital information on the functional requirements of the building. Design deficiencies could result in a building disaster if adequate attention is not paid to design of bearing support, calculation errors deformation, shrinkage problems, errors in assumed loadings (especially wind), and changes in alteration of existing structures all these contribute substantially to building failures and disasters. Therefore adequate attention needs to be paid to these factors during design stage. Zubairu (2001) opined the extent to which the various factors contribute to maintenance problems in government office building in Nigeria is as follows; inadequate architectural design 6% inadequate structural design 7%, inadequate electrical design 9%, inadequate mechanical design 11%, poor construction 12%, use of poor quality components 18%, and other 5%. According to Assaf (1996) “design and construction faults that affect maintenance of building are in eleven groups as follows and they could be controlled or minimized during stage”. 30 (i) Defect in civil design: These include inadequate provision for structural movement ignoring the effect of aggressive environment and weather conditions, ignoring biological effects, inadequate structural design of foundations, ignoring variation in soil conditions, ignoring load impact on structural stability etc. (ii) Architectural defect in design: These includes among various defect narrow stains, passages and doors, not considering local climatic conditions for exterior shapes and material, inadequate joints between finishes, specifying wrong finishes. (iii) Defect due to consultant firm administration and staff: These include lack of quality assurance and quality control during design. (iv) Defect to construction drawing and inspection: These include lack of references, conflicting details, lack of unqualified inspectors and inspection. (v) Design defects in maintenance practicability and adequacy: These include not considering space or exist equipment for maintenance workers, not designing permanent fixtures which could be removed for maintenance, etc. 2.1.9 Design Components for Maintenance Strengths. In a recent research carried out on optimizing design processes for effective maintenance of public building in Nigeria, twelve major factors were identified as maintenance strengths. These the architect can be used as input 31 during design stage to prevent a minimize maintenance problems in the later life of the building. Adejimi (2017) in such a management problem like maintenance, such factor could be so numerous. The twelve component therefore constitute the design inputs which are variable for determining the maintenance strength of the buildings which can be imputed at the design stage, these are: i. Design resolution: The architect needs to sincerely ask himself whether the design has been totally resolved to suit the owners or users taste. A poorly resolved design eventually results in serious maintenance problems. An un-detailed design results in a poorly finished building. A poorly resolved building design does not suit the owner and are unliveable as conversations of the functional spaces go on daily in order to adjust to satisfy the user’s needs. This leads to the breaking and cracking of the component parts weakening the structure and fabric of the building. ii. Structural strength: Amongst all the twelve design component enumerated above, structural strength is the only one generally taken care of by the building designers, probably this is because of the high risk in safety when building are without such consideration and are due to the enforcement by the planning regulations. In adequate structural strength is building automatically lead to failure and breakdown of its fabrics and an eventually maintainability problem. iii. Specified materials: 32 In durability, appropriateness, replace-ability and cost of the specified materials and components can determine the maintainability of the building. This is because while some materials may be durable, weatherproof, aesthetically pleasing, and cheap, some others may be costly, unavailable for replacement and not easily re-fixable. iv. Maintenance manual: If every electronic item always come with operating manual, a building which is more costly durable and complex needs more than production blueprint (working drawing) which most clients do not even know how to read. Architect need to provide a maintenance manual together with the working drawings, which includes the dos and don’ts of how to use the facility. v. Safety measures: Unforeseen problem like natural disaster, fire accident, earthquake, tsunamis, etc. need to be planned for. This means that the design team needs to look beyond the immediate to safeguard properties. If additional strength is injected as extra into the design, this goes a very long way to protect building at such critical periods. vi. Skilled maintenance personnel: Another reason why many building suffer serious maintenance problem is the incompetence of those who are to maintain such building or unavailability of such personnel. An extra thought on the availability of skilled personnel to manage a proposed building before the design are finalized will go a long way either in removing such problematic part of design or not. If there are no skilled personnel to maintain such aspect of the building or its component part is not available in the country, there is no need specifying such component part. 33 vii. Maintenance plants and equipment: Just like the skilled personnel above, there is no need to add any part of the building of which the equipment to maintain has to be imported. The mere fact that the equipment is not available within the country is an indicator of a failure maintenance problem especially if you know that the country is not industrialized enough to manufacture such equipment. viii. Maintenance Factors: Different buildings have to be designed differently based on their location and environmental differences. The physical and chemical properties of materials specified have to be weighed based on the macro and micro climatic effects on such items in their areas of usage. The effect of weather on the specified materials, orientation fenestration, sizes, topography, and the total arrangement or design of the building should be one of the questions the designers must answer at the design stage. ix. Maintenance utility: When all factors that lead to an effective maintenance of a building have been taken care of, such conditions like the spaces, facilities, and the wherewithal to make such maintenance activities easy, fast and possible are not provided, the main problem remain. x. Usage: Unplanned control of the use in building has constituted one of the few greatest maintenance problems in buildings. In this part of the word, buildings are generally misused and at times maliciously damaged. When this 34 is well planned for, certain situations and programmes can be inputted into the building to guide against wrong usage. This can be in form of warning, alarm, refusal to work, or switching off (example lift system) or signal as preventive measures. xi. Quality control plan (workmanship): It is at the construction stage that buildings quality and workmanship are controlled. However, if this is not adequately planned for through proper tendering for competent contractors, control on workmanship during construction becomes a problem. The best way to go about this is to make a contractor a part of the design team in which he also sees the result of the design (i.e. the building) together as the designers and they have a common perception of the same end product. xii. Post construction preventive maintenance management: In most cases, clients are not aware that there is a need for a maintenance management of their properties. Building maintenance has to be managed. Planning for such should not be taken lightly as a lot is involved in such management activities. However if such management activities are not adequately planned for there is every likelihood that a lot is neglected. The best solution is again to make a maintenance officer a member of the design stage has its input as an adviser to the architect. By the time the building is completed, the maintenance officer just continues the function, doing his job. 2.1.10 LACK OF INTEGRATION OF CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES: One major hindrance in making maintenance free building achievable is however the fact that our construction processes are still sequential in nature. They are only linked at the terminal tail end of each other rather than 35 overlapping and benefiting from one another. If the design process is to be enhanced, the building team (i.e. architect, planners, engineers, contractors and including the clients, maintenance officers and all major actors in the construction industries) need to come together and contribute towards the building maintainability at the project inception rather than leaving it for the maintenance personnel at the end of construction to battle with the creative measures or emergency maintenance. According to Cornick (2015) the root course of the problem that (construction) industries and its clients experience lies in the division of the responsibilities between the design aspect and construction aspect. Ward (2006) was direct in his criticism of the organization of the construction industries when he noted that the industry is unique in that the design process is separated from production. In building, the architect design and the contractor produce whereas in most other industries for example motor industries, the designer is employed by the producers. The paramount aim of both parties should go to achieve a building that will serve the client purpose in every way, and which will present good value for money within the limitation of time and finance available and most importantly forestalling heavy future maintenance problems. 2.1.11 MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT: Efficiency and economic maintenance cannot be achieved without some degree of organization (planning) and the rewards to be gained are well worth the effort involved. A maintenance department duty is to ensure maximum availability and efficiency of prosperity and equipment at maximum economic cost and to effectively protect a large-scale investment of capital. According to Ngoka (n.d) efficient and economic maintenance can be achieved through the following pre-requisites. 36 (a) The provision of favourable working conditions. (b) Careful and detailed organization. (c) The introduction of a routine maintenance system. (d) An initial analysis of cost and methods. (e) Alert management. Maintenance management is defined by Allyson (n.d) as “the selection of the goals, planning, procurement, organization coordination and the control of the necessary resource, for their achievement is concerned with the dynamics of circumstances and activities and is generally initiated by need to economize in the use of resources and times in achieving predetermine objectives”. Maintenance management should be able to achieve the following if properly carried out: (a) Economy in money material and time resource. (b) Planned and co-ordinates maintenance programme. (c) Use satisfaction. (d) Efficiency of the facilities. 2.1.12 PLANNING: “Planning is defined as the selection of future course of action through the analysis and evaluation of possible alternatives”. This definition was given by Obodoh (2012) and he went further to define planning of maintenance operations as an attempt to establish the duration of time that a specified amount of work will take having the necessary resources available and they include: (a) Effective planning exposes likely difficulties. (b) Facilities the maintenance department to overcome them. 37 (c) Minimize the unproductive of both manpower and equipment. (d) Planning focuses on the course of production of labour and equipment needs. (e) Useful as a control device against which progress can be measure during and after the completion of the project. (f) Use for forecasting material labour and equipment needs. 2.2 SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW: As can be gathered from different or various opinion of the several distinguish writers, the maintenance of building is very important so as to make them sustainable, make sure the building fulfil its function, with retaining value of money and to present good appearance. Also, maintenance operation can simply be divided into planned and unplanned maintenance that meets the needs for maintenance. It is recommended that building maintenance manual should be prepared during the design stage by the design team for easy and safe execution of maintenance works. It is also opined that design of construction faults-defects in civil and architectural design, defect due to construction drawings, construction inspection unqualified inspectors lack of inspection etc. That affect maintenance of buildings could be controlled or minimize during a design stage. Twelve major factors that where identified previously, can be used as input during the design stage to prevent or minimize maintenance problem in the later life of building. Finally, it has been gathered that maintenance of properties of both public and private building has not been given adequate recognition due to 38 lack of integration of construction processes. And that effect, building maintenance requires the correct diagnosis of defects and implementation of the current removal measures, all based on sound labour and money. CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The method adopted for this research work is the quantitative research method. This method was adopted as it has a wide coverage of the population study in Owerri. The quantitative research method has a high rate of acquiring information needed for the research work. It also discusses the framework used in carrying out the research work and subsequently involves in greater detail, the type of research method used in the study, identifies the target population, sampling method and sample size, validation and reliability of the instruments, method of data collection and method of data analysis. 3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN: This deals with the methodology which is used for the purpose of this study. It comprises of the size of the population, method of data collection and the method data analysis. It is the way the work is drafted to give the full information of the work being carried out. 3.2 POPULATION FOR THE STUDY AREA: 39 The target population for this research work consist of residents in Owerri which is 200, which comprises of civil workers, private workers, consultant and construction firms. A total of 45 copies of the questionnaire were produced and distributed in the appropriate ratio of the population. Oral interviews, questionnaire and field investigation were adopted. 3.3 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE: The sampling technique chosen for this research work is the stratified random sampling. The landlords and tenants selected in these location are representatives of the population of all the inhabitant of in Owerri with population of 52% of the entire population of Owerri, while the banks, fast food restaurants and the construction/consultant company from another group of 8%. The reason below explain why this technique was used; (a) The landlords and tenants along the above mentioned area are quite enormous to be sampled on after the other. (b) The consultant and construction firms selected are reasonable to get the required information. 3.4 SAMPLE POPULATION AND SAMPLE SIZE: The population focused on the residents of Ikenegbu layout of Owerri and a consultant firm in Owerri. A sample size of 45 respondents was chosen for data analysis. They include 25 occupants of residential building in Ikenegbu layout, including 1 of bank project manager, 1 of fast food restaurant manager, and 15 of Natuhab consultant. 3.5 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION: The two main types of data collection employed in this research work are: 1. Primary data collection: 40 These are made up of information generated specially for this study as to have a good knowledge in the research work, they include journal, lecture notes, unpublished books etc. The data’s were collected using questionnaire, oral interview and field investigation. 2. Secondary data collection: They include previous and recent works form, periodicals, textbooks, etc. 3.6 INSTRUMENT FOR DATA ANALYSIS. The tools used in this research work included the pie chart, histogram, the percentage and chi-square test. The chi – square test gives the conclusion on whether a set of observed frequencies differ so greatly from a set of expected frequencies. The test was calculated from the expected frequencies. [fe] y= [row i] x column j] ............... Equation 1 Grand total Where [fe]ij = expected frequency for cell in the ith row and jth column. Row jth = the total of the frequencies in the jth column Grand total = the total of all the frequencies in the table. 41 It is the purpose of the chi-square test to provide an answer to the question as to how great a departure from the expected frequencies can be tolerated before the null hypothesis is rejected. The test statistic used for this determination is “X” test. Thus, X2 = [fo - fe] ............... Equation 2 Fe Where; fo = observed frequency Fe = expected frequency X2 = chi – square test. In order to apply the test, a certain level of confidence has to be assumed and also the number of degree of freedom in the table determined. In general, in a table containing “r” row and i column, there are (r – 1) (i – 1) degree of freedom respectively. From the chi – square (X2) distribution table determine the value of X2 in term of an assumed level of significance. Decision Rule: Reject Ho if X2 calculated > X2 table. Accept Ho if X2 calculated < X2 table. For this research we used 0.05 or 5% level of significance. 42 CHAPTER FOUR. DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS: 4.1 RESULTS The results of the fieldwork and survey carried out in this work, are presented in this section 4.1 as follows In all, 40 questionnaires were produced and distributed to respondents, in all questionnaires were completely filled and returned. This represented percent rate of return. Data were collected from the occupant in Owerri, comprising of those in residential buildings and in the commercial building. There were a total of 40 respondents, of which the landlords and tenants were 25, including banks and fast food restaurants, and 15 staff of Natuhab consultants. Below are the presentation analyses of the data’s collected for each question. Questions A: what are the maintenance problems you encounter in building? 43 4.1.1. DEMOGRAPHIC DATA The section A of the questionnaire was used in collecting demographic data of the respondents. The demographic data include the age, sex, qualification, experience of the respondents, information on the respondents, companies were also collected. The data is presented in table 4.1 4.1.2 ANALYZING OF MAINTENANCE PROBLEMS The data on maintenance problems are presented in table 4 and analyzed using relative importance Index and Ranking. The mean, X for dampness is 3.5, the mean, X score of 3.5 shows that majority of the respondent agreed that dampness is a major cause of deterioration. 4.1.3 CHALLENGES OF EXISTING MAINTENANCE SYSTEMS It can be an appealing process because it seemingly offers the maximum utilization and in turn maximum production output, of the asset by using it to its limits. This strategy is only beneficial, however, up until the point where the asset fails. Preventing failures of assets under load, however, has been proven to be far more cost-effective with the same production output. It is a widely accepted industry fact that a well-planned and scheduled corrective Work Order is about three to four times less expensive than the same unplanned reactive Work Order. Organizations utilizing this reactive maintenance strategy/ approach often fall victim to treating the asset symptom, rather than the problem causing the symptom. 44 When maintenance moves from a reactive to a planned environment, there is less wasted time and effort looking for the right part and getting instructions. As a result, there is less confusion around who is doing what and when. Also, the repairs can be coordinated with production resulting in quicker turnarounds since the assets will not be under load when the repair starts. Imagine the craft productivity that could be attained if your technicians go straight to the job and straight to work, rather than spending the first hour or two searching for a plan of action or having production clearing out the equipment before work can start. i. Difficult to Control Budgets As equipment failures can be unpredictable, labor and spare parts may not be readily available, so organizations may end up paying a premium for emergency parts shipping, travel time and out of hours support. It is therefore difficult to accurately budget for maintenance and to provide proper forecasts of when budgets will be spent. ii. Shorter Life Expectancies of Assets Reactive maintenance does not keep the systems running in optimal “as new” condition. Over time, systems that have been maintained reactively, deteriorate faster due to related induced failures and therefore do not maximize their initial capital cost investment. This negatively impacts a company’s RONA (Return on Nett Assets) which in return reduces shareholder value. iii. Safety Issues When work is properly scheduled, technicians have time to review the standard procedures and safety requirements to complete the job correctly. Technicians tend to take more risks when maintenance work is reactive as they are under pressure to get systems running without delay. Most 45 companies have Safety and Health as one of their strategic objectives and a reactive / breakdown approach goes directly against this objective. iv. Time-consuming Reactive repairs tend to take longer due to several factors including time to diagnose, travel time, time to pull parts from stores or submitting emergency orders, time to pull correct manuals and schematics… etc. This, therefore, impacts the ability of the production teams to achieve their production targets and depending on which equipment fails can have a negative impact on revenue. v. Sporadic Equipment Downtime Planned maintenance can be written into the production schedule whereas unplanned repairs can happen anytime. Also, there is the uncertainty around the length of delay due to the unplanned repair. Equipment that often/sporadically breaks down reduces the trust between maintenance and production. vi. Inefficient Use of Resources Technicians spend time running around looking for the correct manuals and schematics, ordering the right parts, etc. and trying to diagnose and fix the issue. Often, they need to wait for equipment to be cleared and permits to be issued. In essence, companies pay for their resources (technicians, special tools, equipment, etc.) to be productive and all waiting times comes at a high cost to organizations. vii. Interferes With Planned Preventive Work Emergency repairs are usually prioritized at the expense of planned preventive work. Planned work may be pushed or canceled completely resulting in future unexpected failures that will result in additional unplanned 46 work and future preventive work being missed. This is what is called the maintenance death spiral. viii. Collateral Damage A minor issue could quickly turn into a major system repair. For example, if your car’s engine is low on oil, it could result in warn cylinders or damage to seals, but ultimately in a completely seized engine. Or the slight misalignment of a shaft not only damages the bearing but over time can result in a cracked or seized gearbox or even damage to the shaft itself. ix. Indirect Costs Unplanned downtime can lead to late orders if equipment cannot be returned to production in time. This can damage reputations and impact revenues. Persistent non-delivery or late delivery of orders can have the knock-on effect that key customers lose confidence in the organization and may go to other suppliers or demand discounts/ raise penalties which can cost the organization millions. x. Repeat Issues Reactive maintenance does the bare minimum to get the system up and running again, due to the pressure to return the plant back to production. If not repaired correctly soon after (and typically this rarely happen), the issue could reoccur and cause more downtime. A very negative downward spiral. xi. Higher Energy Costs If you don’t service your car, it burns more fuel! When equipment is not properly maintained, it uses more energy. Doing simple things like greasing moving parts or changing filters can reduce energy consumption by up to 15%. 47 Repairing damaged equipment quickly is important for minimizing downtime. Relying on a reactive maintenance strategy, in most cases, is, therefore, an inefficient and very costly way to operate. Emergency repairs cost as much as 5 to 7 times more than planned preventive work, which can obviously have a huge impact on the bottom line. Maintenance problems encountered by the occupants. Problems Frequency of Responses % responses Dampness of wall 17 68% And floors Leaking roofs 8 32% Blockage in pipes 1 48% (Toilet & kitchen) Spilling of fees from 11 44% Septic tank Flooding around 14 56% Compound Non–functioning/ 38 72% 48 Blocked drainages Workmanship 22 44% Problems Waste disposal 28 72% Table 4.1 Source: field survey 2024 The above data is analysed using the percentage data analysis method. Dampness of walls and floors: from the analysis above only 68% of the population of the occupants has this maintenance problem. Leaking roof: Only 32% of the total population has this problem of roof leaking. Blockage of pipes (toilet & kitchen): 48% of the total population are affected by this problem. Spilling of fees from septic tank: from the analysis only 44% of the population has this problem. Flooding around compound: 56% of the population has the problem of flooding in the compound. Non – functioning / blocked drainage system: 72% of the population has this problem. This shows that only a few of the population is not affected by this maintenance problem. Workmanship problem: from the analysis 44% of the total population is affected by the problem. Waste disposal: A high percentage of 72% of the population is having a problem of waste disposal which is maintenance problem. 49 Question B: How are damaged parts repaired in the building? Respondents No. of respondent Repaired of tenants 17 Repaired by tenants and deducted from their rents 6 Repaired by landlords 2Source: field survey 2024 Table 4.1: Showing how buildings are repaired by occupants. 17- 16- 15- 14- 13- 12- 11- 10- 9- 8- 7- 6- 5- 4- 3- 2- 1- 0- 50 Source: field survey 2024 = Repaired by tenants = Repaired by tenants and deducted from rents = Repaired by Landlord. The data above is analyzed using the Bar chart shown below: Fig. 4.0: Bar chart showing the degree of repair by tenants and landlords Question C: How do you respond to the repair of damaged parts in building? Response to repair No. of respondents Repair only when the it is not usable (corrective maintenance) 20 Repair when it is faulty 5Source: field survey 2024 Table 4.2: Showing the building repair response The data above is analyzed using the percentage data analysis below Response to Repair No. of Response % of response Repair only when its not usable(corrective maintenance) 25 82.5% Repair when its faulty 5 16.5%Source: field survey 2024 Table 4.3 Showing Percentage of response to repair by occupants 51 From the analysis above it shows that 82.5% of the population of the occupants in Owerri uses the corrective type of maintenance, which is the repair done when the component is no longer reliable for its designed services. This population consists of mostly civil servants. The 16.5% of the population which mostly the commercial buildings has the 16.5% which uses the preventive type of maintenance. Question D: Can the following factors lead to bad maintenance? A questionnaire directed to the occupants in Owerri (O.) and consultants s/n Questionnaires Strongly Agreed Agreed Fairly Agreed Disagreed 1. Nonchalant attitude of property owners Consultants 8 5 ------- 2 Occupants of I.L 10 7 5 3 2. High cost of building materials Consultants 3 7 3 2 Occupants of I.L 11 10 3 1 3. Ignorance/ illiteracy Consultants 4 3 4 4 Occupants of I.L 7 5 3 10 4. Inadequate finance Consultants 10 5 -------- --------- Occupants of I.L 15 10 ------- --------- 5. Bad usage of properties Consultants 6 5 1 3 52 Occupants of I.L 10 8 4 3 6. Poor design and construction Consultants 8 4 ------ 3 Occupants of I.L 5 9 2 9 7. Unnecessary/ complex design Consultants 5 4 4 2 Occupants of I.L 7 6 2 10 8. State of National economy Consultants 13 ----- ------- 2 Occupants of I.L 10 10 2 3 4.2 DISCUSSING OF RESULT This research work was conducted to know the state maintenance role of side case study. Prior to this, in chapter one this work has aim for carrying out this work which includes; (a) Examining the problems of maintenance, of which the data were collected using oral interview and was presented and analyzed in chapter four to include the following; leaking roofs, dampness of the walls and floors, blockages in pipes, spilling of feces from septic tanks, waste disposal problems etc. These maintenance problems were tabulated and presented using table as shown in table 4.0 and analyzed using the percentage of the population having this maintenance problems. (b) Investigate the influence of neglect of maintenance of buildings and on the occupants, which the data were collected through field 53 investigation presented at the appendix to include; cracks on walls, peeling of paints on walls caused by dampness, non functioning of the drainage systems etc. Further works were carried out to know the problems behind poor maintenance role of the occupants of Ikenegbu layout of which a good maintenance role lies on the repair and response to repair of the buildings, so works were done to know the problems behind delay in repair. Table 4.1 shows how buildings are repaired and a bar chart was used to analyze the work, which shows the number of occupants involved in repair and how the repair is done. Table 4.2 showed the response to repair attitude of the resident of the case study while table 4.3 showed percentage of response to repair by occupants. From the analysis of table 4.3, it showed that 82.5%of the population of ikenegbu layout uses corrective type of maintenance, which is the repair done when the component is no longer usable, 16.5% of population which comprise mostly the commercial buildings uses the preventive type of maintenance. The last work done on this project was the testing of the hypothesis raised in chapter one of which the null (Ho) stated that, the present state of the national economy have a significant effect on maintenance roles. Data were collected from te occupants and from the consultants to establish basis from the test. From the questionnaire distributed, response were received from both groups of respondents. Table 4.4 shows the distribution of questionnaires among the occupants of Ikenegbu layout and consultants. Table 4.5 shows the observed frequency of the two groups explaining their responses on the question 54 which was used to establish basis for the hypothesis postulated in chapter one. Table 4.6 shows the expected frequency of the respondents with equation 3 given the formula for the computation of the expected frequency. Table 4.7 shows the computation of chi-square (X2). From the table, X2 calculated = 0.41 and X2 =3.84. Decision rule states accept Ho if X2C