DETERMINATION OF ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION, ANTIOXIDANT, AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CELTIC SALT (GISHIRIN BEZA)

Abstract This study evaluated the elemental composition, antioxidant properties, and antimicrobial activity of Celtic salt (GISHIRIN BEZA) obtained from Kurmi Market, Kano State, Nigeria. The salt sample was analyzed using spectrophotometric and atomic absorption spectroscopic (AAS) techniques for elemental composition. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging assay, while antimicrobial activity was tested against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus using the agar well diffusion method. Results indicated high concentrations of sodium (740.7 mg/L) and chloride (1580.46 mg/L), Moderate levels of calcium (22.0 mg/L), magnesium (17.0 mg/L), and potassium (19.01 mg/L) were detected, along with trace elements such as manganese (0.62 mg/L), zinc (0.42 mg/L), and iron (0.02 mg/L). The antioxidant assay revealed significant concentration-dependent free radical scavenging activity, with an IC₅₀ of 84.3 µmol/L. Antimicrobial tests showed selective activity against E. coli with inhibition zones up to 18.0 mm, but no activity against S. aureus. The study concludes that Celtic salt is mineral-rich but sodium-dense, possesses notable antioxidant capacity, and exhibits selective antibacterial properties. Recommendations include further testing for heavy metals, expanded microbial assays, and considerations for safe consumption and potential industrial applications. Keywords: Celtic salt, GISHIRIN BEZA, elemental composition, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, DPPH, agar well diffusion, Kano.