ANTIOXIDANTS AND ANTI-DIABETIC ACTIVITIES OF METHANOL EXTRACT

1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background to the Study Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels resulting from insufficient insulin production or ineffective utilization of insulin by the body (Galicia-García et al., 2020). It is a global health concern with a rapidly increasing prevalence, affecting millions of people worldwide. The disease poses severe health risks, including cardiovascular complications, kidney dysfunction, neuropathy, and impaired wound healing. Consequently, research focused on developing effective and accessible methods for diabetes management and treatment is of paramount importance (Kropp et al., 2023). Phytochemicals are bioactive compounds derived from plants that have shown great promise in the prevention and management of diabetes. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in exploring the antidiabetic potential of natural remedies, including plant extracts (Yedjou et al., 2023). Among the plants that have garnered considerable attention for their antidiabetic properties are mango leaves (Mangifera indica), moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera), and bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina). These plants have a long history of traditional use in various cultures for their therapeutic properties (Mustapha et al., 2023). Mango Leaves (Mangifera indica), commonly consumed as a herbal tea in some regions, have been recognized for their medicinal value. These leaves contain phytochemicals such as mangiferin, quercetin, and various antioxidants that have demonstrated antidiabetic effects. The compounds found in mango leaves may help lower blood glucose levels, improve insulin sensitivity, and protect against complications associated with diabetes (Eboji et al., 2017). Moringa oleifera, often referred to as the "drumstick tree," is known for its nutrient-rich leaves. Moringa leaves are rich in bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, polyphenols, and isothiocyanates. These compounds have been linked to antidiabetic properties, including improved insulin function, decreased insulin resistance, and reduced oxidative stress (Anwar et al., 2007). Bitter Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina), commonly used in traditional medicine, is renowned for its diverse health benefits. It contains sesquiterpene lactones, alkaloids, and antioxidants. These phytochemicals contribute to its potential antidiabetic effects, which include the regulation of blood sugar levels and improvement in insulin sensitivity (Oluduro et al., 2016). While individual studies have explored the antidiabetic properties of each plant separately, there is a growing interest in the synergistic effects that could be achieved by combining the bioactive compounds from mango leaves, moringa leaves, and bitter leaf. These plants, with their distinct phytochemical profiles, offer the potential to complement one another and enhance their overall antidiabetic impact. This research aims to investigate the phytochemical properties and the collective antidiabetic effect of a mixture of mango leaves, moringa leaves, and bitter leaf extract. By examining the individual and synergistic contributions of these plant extracts, the study seeks to provide a scientific basis for the utilization of this natural mixture as a potential therapeutic option for diabetes management. The findings may lead to novel dietary and pharmaceutical interventions, offering safe and accessible alternatives for individuals living with diabetes. In conclusion, the study of plant-based remedies for diabetes management is gaining momentum as researchers and healthcare professionals seek effective and sustainable solutions. The potential synergy between mango leaves, moringa leaves, and bitter leaf in diabetes management presents a fascinating area of investigation with the promise of offering affordable and natural options for individuals battling this pervasive disease. 1.2 Statement of the Research Problem Diabetes mellitus is a global health challenge, characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to inadequate insulin production or impaired insulin action. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that diabetes affects millions of individuals worldwide, leading to life-threatening complications and significant healthcare costs (WHO, 2019). While pharmaceutical treatments exist, they may have limitations and side effects. As a result, there is a growing interest in exploring alternative, cost-effective, and accessible strategies for managing diabetes. Phytochemicals derived from plant sources have exhibited potential antidiabetic properties, and among the plants with known therapeutic properties are mango leaves (Mangifera indica), moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera), and bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) (Yedjou et al., 2023). Each of these plant materials contains a diverse array of bioactive compounds, including polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidants, which have been individually associated with antidiabetic effects (Praparatana et al., 2022). However, the collective antidiabetic impact of a mixture of these plant extracts remains a subject of limited scientific investigation. 1.3 Justification of the Research Diabetes, characterized by persistent hyperglycemia and associated complications, has witnessed a significant rise in prevalence, necessitating effective and accessible management strategies (WHO, 2019; Galicia-García et al., 2020). Phytochemicals derived from plant sources have shown promise in addressing diabetes, with specific plants like mango leaves, moringa leaves, and bitter leaf gaining attention for their individual antidiabetic properties (Yedjou et al., 2023). While these plants have been studied separately, their collective antidiabetic impact remains relatively unexplored. The combination of mango leaves, moringa leaves, and bitter leaf extracts presents a novel approach that leverages the potential synergies between their diverse phytochemical profiles (Mustapha et al., 2023). Mango leaves contain compounds like mangiferin and quercetin, known for their antidiabetic effects, while Moringa oleifera is rich in flavonoids and polyphenols associated with improved insulin function and reduced oxidative stress (Eboji et al., 2017; Anwar et al., 2007). Bitter leaf, with sesquiterpene lactones and antioxidants, contributes to the regulation of blood sugar levels and enhanced insulin sensitivity (Oluduro et al., 2016). By investigating the combined effects of these plant extracts, this study addresses the current gap in knowledge regarding the synergistic antidiabetic impact of these plant materials. The findings may pave the way for the development of affordable, natural interventions that could complement existing diabetes treatments, offering a holistic and accessible approach to individuals grappling with this prevalent disease. 1.4 Aim and Objectives 1.4.1 Aim The aim of this study is to determine the antdiabetic activity of the methanol extract of Mangifera indica, Moringa oleifera, and Vernonia amygdalina leaves mixture. 1.4.2 Objectives The specific objectives of this study are to determine the: ● Phytochemical composition of methanol extract of Mangifera indica, Moringa oleifera, and Vernonia amygdalina leaves. ● In vitro antioxidant activities of methanol extract of Mangifera indica, Moringa oleifera, and Vernonia amygdalina leaves. ● In vitro antidiabetic activity of methanol extract of Mangifera indica, Moringa oleifera, and Vernonia amygdalina leaves.