IMPACT OF MARITAL PROBLEMS AND DIVORCE ON SOCIAL UPBRINGING OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN DUTSIN-MA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KATSINA STATE.

IMPACT OF MARITAL PROBLEMS AND DIVORCE ON SOCIAL UPBRINGING OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN DUTSIN-MA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KATSINA STATE. BY LUKMAN AISHAT OLAJOKE SOC/2021/20044 BEING A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY, FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, FEDERAL UNIVERSITY DUTSIN-MA, IN PATIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR DEGREE OF SCIENCE (B.Sc) DEGREE IN SOCIOLOGY. MAY, 2025 DECLARATION I, Lukman Aishat Olajoke declared that this project is the result of my own investigation, except where otherwise stated. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted as a whole for any other degrees at Federal University Dutsin-ma (Fudma) or other institutions. ________________________ _____________________ Sign Date Soc/2021/20044 Lukman Aishat Olajoke CERTIFICATION This project tittle ‘’ Impact of marital problems and divorce on social upbringing of secondary school students in Dutsin-Ma Local Government Area of Katsina State.” meets the regulations for the award of bachelor of Science (B.Sc) Degree in Sociology, Federal University Dutsin-ma, Katsina state, and is approved for its contributions of knowledge. Mr Hamisu Haminu __________________________ Project supervisor Date & Sign Dr Sulaiman Amali __________________________ Head of Department Date & Sign ______________________ __________________________ External supervisor Date & Sign DEDICATION This research work is dedicated to GOD Almighty. And to my lovely daughter Maridiyya, who has endure so much pain and discomfort just for me. Thanks for being my biggest motivation ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to say a big thank you to God almighty who has kept me to this very moment and brought me this far, indeed what God cannot do does not exist. And to myself Aishat, thanks for being YOU, you are really a strong lady. To my husband Faruk thank you not just because he has given up so much to make my carrier a priority but because he has seen me through the ups and down. To my parents Mr and Mrs Lukman who planted the seed of knowledge in my mind and nurture it, Thank you so much. To my sister nofisat, my twinny who has been the source of my happiness, a great lady indeed. Thank you so much for being my better half. To my project supervisor Mr hamisu Aminu for his enthusiasm, patience, insightful comments, helpful information, practical advice and unceasing ideas that have helped me tremendously at all times in my research and writing of this thesis. His immense knowledge, profound experience and professional expertise in Data Quality Control has enabled me to complete this research successfully. Without his support and guidance, this project would not have been possible. I could not have imagined having a better supervisor in my study. His expertise and dedication have been an instrument in shaping my research work and academic growth. And also to the entire Sociology department I’m greatful for the guidance, encouragement and knowledge that have been imbibed in me, especially to respectable individuals like; Mr Hamisu, Mr Amase, Dr Amali, Mr nuradeen, Mr Zaharadeen, Mr Zakaria who have mentored and fathered me throughout my stay on campus. I am greatful for your existence, prayers and contribution to my academic journey. And to my bestie Temitope odunayo I’m grateful for being there for me and being a shoulder to cry on. Lastly I also want to appreciate all my friends most especially Veronica ayo balogun, Elizabeth Alilu, Thank you all for staying true to me, I truly appreciate your friendship, your kindness and steady support. To seyi Bolaji I appreciate your positive energy, it's always great to have you around. Again I extend my gratitude to each and every one mentioned above for their unwavering support, 'your kindness and encouragement' have made a significant impact in my life, I love you all and I will forever be grateful and indebted to you all. TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE……………………………………………………………………………………...i DECLARATION ii CERTIFICATION iii DEDICATION iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v TABLE OF CONTENTS vii ABSTRACT x CHAPTER ONE 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background of study 1 1.2 Statement of Problems 4 1.3 Research Questions 4 1.4 Objectives of the Study 5 1.5 Significance of the Study 5 1.6 Scope of the Study 6 1.7 Operational Definition of Terms 6 CHAPTER TWO 8 LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK 8 2.1 Introduction 8 2.2 Conceptual Review 8 2.2.1 Concept of Marriage 9 2.2.2 The Concept of Divorce 9 2.2.3 Concept of Marital Problem 10 2.2.4 The Concept of Social Upbringing 10 2.3 The Causes of Marital Problems 11 2.4 Effects of Marital Problems on Social Upbringing of Students 13 2.5 Parental separation and social upbringing of children 14 2.5.1 Mechanism that link parental separation to social Upbringing of children 16 2.5.2 Parenting and Parent-child Relationship 17 2.6 Interventions to Deal with Social Upbringing of Children 18 2.7 Theoretical Framework 19 CHAPTER THREE 21 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 21 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Research Design 21 3.3 Description of the Study Area 21 3.4. Study Population 22 3.5. Sample Size Determination 24 3.6 Instrumentation 24 3.6.1 Validity and Reliability of the Instruments. 25 3.7 Method of Data Collection. 25 3.8. Data Analysis 26 3.9. Problem Encountered 26 CHAPTER FOUR 28 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS 28 4.1 INTRODUCTION 28 4.2 Socio-demographic Data 28 4.3 Causes of Marital Problem 30 4.4 Social Upbringing 32 4.5 Impact of Parental Separation on Social Upbringing 34 4.6: Discussion of Findings 36 CHAPTER FIVE 38 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 38 5.1 SUMMARY 38 5.2 CONCLUSION 40 5.3 RECOMMENDATION 41 5.4 CONTRIBUTION OF STUDY TO KNOWLEDGE 41 APPENDIX 42 REFERENCES 45 ABSTRACT The study provides an overview on the impacts of marital problems and divorce on social upbringing of Secondary School Students in Dustin Local Government Area of Katsina State. In obtaining the data relevant to this research work, questionnaire and verbal interview techniques were used. The researcher obtained information from different sources on the impact of marital problems and divorce on social upbringing of Secondary School Students in Dusinma LGA, Katsina State. A total of 250 questionnaires were administered for this study. The findings in the study shows that marital problems could lead to children’s withdrawal; loneliness; loss of confidence; school problems for the children; learning disorders; anxiety and depression; addiction to alcohol and drug abuse; suicide or self-harming and theft and criminal behavior. The study concludes that marital problems which places the children at the centre ofdisputation has highly malign impact on Students social upbringing. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of study Some countries, particularly richer countries such as the UK, US and Germany – divorce rates have been falling since the 1990s. Marriage was viewed as a social and economic arrangement, rather than a romantic partnership. Medrick B.R (1990). Divorce was rare and often required a special act of the state legislature. Marital problems were often handled through community mediation and counseling.19th Century (1800s) the Industrial Revolution brought significant changes to family life, including increased mobility and urbanization. Marital problems began to rise, particularly among the working class. The first divorce laws were enacted, allowing couples to divorce on grounds such as adultery, desertion, and cruelty. Early 20th Century (1900s-1940s) The rise of psychoanalysis and counseling led to increased attention to marital problems. The divorce rate began to rise, particularly during the Great Depression. The introduction of "no-fault" divorce laws in the 1930s made it easier for couples to divorce, Gottman jm (1999) the marriage clinic. Canada Indigenous Peoples and Early Colonization (Pre-1867), Marriage and family structures varied among Indigenous peoples, with some communities practicing polygamy and others having more fluid marital arrangements with the arrival of European colonizers, Christian values and the nuclear family model were imposed on Indigenous communities, leading to disruptions in traditional family structures. Confederation and the Late 19th Century (1867-1900) the Canadian government introduced the Marriage Act in 1867, which established a uniform marriage law across the country during this period, marital problems were often handled through community mediation and counseling, with the church playing a significant role in resolving disputes. Early 20th Century (1900-1945) saw significant social and economic changes in Canada, including increased urbanization and women's participation in the workforce, marital problems during this period were often related to economic stress, infidelity, and domestic violence. Overall, the history of marital problems in Canada reflects broader social, economic, and cultural changes in the country. According to the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), the divorce rate in Nigeria increasing steadily over the years. In 2019, the NBS reported that the divorce rate in Nigeria was 32.8%, indicating that about 1 in 3marriages in Nigeria end in .The divorce rate is higher in urban areas (43.6%) than in rural areas (24.5%). The divorce rate is highest in the South-West region (45.6%) and lowest in the North-East region (20.6%).The prevalence of marital problem divorces and divorce varies across different ethnic and cultural groups in Nigeria. Katsina State has one of the highest divorce rates in Nigeria, with a reported 35.6% of marriages ending in divorce (National Bureau of Statistics, 2019). The divorce rate in Katsina State has been increasing steadily over the years, with a 25% increase in divorce cases between 2015 and 2019 Katsina State Ministry of Justice, (2020). The increase in the rate of marital problems and is one of the most visible changes in family life. It is seen together with increases in cohabitation and unwed parenthood, and declines in marriage and fertility as part of a broader change, the “second demographic transition” Lesthaeghe (1995). These changes have brought about various concerns, some of which focusing on their economic implications, others on the effects on child development, and still others that see them as moral problems related to a breakdown of the family institution (Ellwood and Jencks 2004). Several studies have reported how children living in divorced and other lone parent families tend to have lower levels of economic well-being, and how the cross-national variation in these gaps is closely related to support from the welfare state (Vleminckx and Smeeding 2000;). There is a large research literature analyzing the effects of marital problems. Several studies from various countries have tried to estimate the economic, social, health, and psychological consequences of divorces on adults, and generally found that marital problems is associated with some negative outcomes on, at least, the other party (although it may have positive psychological effects on some). There is no general theory of divorce, but marriage is mostly seen as an arrangement in which expressive and instrumental goods and services are exchanged between husbands and wives Teachman (2002). According to this approach, marriages are contracted because they provide men and women with economic and psychological well-being exceeding what they could gain outside the marriage. In the same vein, marriages are dissolved when the value of the outside options exceed that of marriage for at least one of the spouses. What is notable in these theories is that they mainly hold that spouses decide on whether to continue their marriages based on calculations of their personal utilities. Therefore, while the well-being of other parties involved in the marriage particularly, the other spouse and the children may be taken into account when deciding on the continuation of the marriage, it does not necessarily play a role. An implication of this argument is that although children are centrally involved in divorce, they may not have a powerful say on the parents’ decision of whether to divorce or not. Thus, what might an optimal solution be to at least one of the parents (regardless of whether the decision is to divorce or to remain married) might not be as good for the children. Ellwood and Jencks (2004). This, as well as the usual concern most people feel for children’s well-being and life chances, is a relevant reason to analyse what kind of effects (if any) parental divorce has on children’s lives. Not surprisingly, the literature on the short- and long-term effects of marital problems on social upbringing on children is possibly even larger than that devoted to the effects of marital problems on the divorcing adults. It is against this backdrop that this study examines the impact of marital problems on social upbringing of Students in Katsina state. 1.2 Statement of Problems Today, the Nigeria society seems to be passing through a very cohensive force of marital problems, which disturbs the peaceful living that exists between the said two parties. It has become a problem of concern to almost every Nigerian. Hence this research is undertaken to examine the impact of marital problem on social upbringing in our well pronounced society today. Unfaithfulness of husband/wife could cause marital problem in marriage and leading to divorce, others may be lack of children, lack of money, lack of love, intolerance and misunderstanding, difference in religions and interference from outsiders could also contributes to marital problem. 1.3 Research Questions The following research question will be used to guide this study, (1) What are the causes of marital problems in Dutsin-Ma Local Government Area? (2) In which way do marital problems affects the Students social upbringing in Dutsin-Ma Local Government Area? (3) What are the outcomes of marital problems on Students in Dutsin-Ma Local Government Area? (4) In which way can marital problems be solved and minimize in Dutsin-Ma Local Government Area? 1.4 Objectives of the Study The broad aim of the study is to examine the impact of marital problems on social upbringing of children in Dutsinma LGA, Katsina State. The specific objectives are: (1) To examine the causes of marital problems in Dutsinma Local Government Area, Katsina State. (2) To identify ways by which marital problems affects Students social upbringing in Dutsin-ma Local Government Area, Katsina State. (3) To elucidates the outcomes of marital problems on Students social upbringing Dutsin-ma Local Government Area, Katsina State. (4) To proffer ways by which marital problems can be solved and minimized in Dutsin-ma Local Government Area, Katsina State. 1.5 Significance of the Study The major reason for carrying out this study is to bring about a lasting settlement from various individual differences between couples so that no inch of misunderstanding could be noticed above all other odds, thereby strengthening their homes and raising children with good social upbringing that will add value to both the family and the society at large. The study also will point to several issues that children experience in the homes especially on various social stigmatizations associated with children who are victims of this. It will help teachers and head teachers to develop relevant strategies to deal with the situation. The study also educate people whose marriages are in difficulty should be made aware of community resources for conflict resolution which include resources for substance abuse, aggression, anxiety or anger management counseling, or psychiatric resources for the assessment of parental depression. The study will be of great benefit to both governmental and non-governmental organizations including social workers. 1.6 Scope of the Study The study is limited to Dutsinma Local Government Area of Katsina State. This is due to financial problem and inadequate timeframe to cover the entirety of Katsina State. it is delimited to causes and implications of marital problems on child upbringing of students in Dutsinma Local Government area Katsina State, 2022-2024. 1.7 Operational Definition of Terms Social upbringing: It means to teach a child basic sociology about existing society, define social relations, social culture. It also mean to raise a child in gradually becoming social. Marriage: Marriage is an institution regulating sexual intercourse and kept by conjugal affection, but also an arrangement for bringing up of children & a partnership for economic ends and social cooperation. Sometimes one side and sometimes another side predominate. Marital Problems: Common problems that lead to marital fatigue: Poor conflict management: Allowing conflict to escalate. Looking only at the negative (or the perceived negative). Divorce: A divorce is a formal ending of a marriage. It's more permanent than a separation and involves a legal process. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 Introduction This chapter reviews related literature on the impact of marital problem and divorce on social upbringing of secondary school students in line with the objectives of the study and it is organized under the following headings: Conceptualization of marital problem, divorce and social upbringing, causes of marital problems, ways which marital problems affects students social upbringing, outcome of marital problems and solutions to marital problem. Theoretically, this theory was adopted to explain the objectives of the study. 2.2 Conceptual Review Conceptual review refers to a review that provides a complete understanding of the relationship between the concept being referred when discussing a conceptual structure in research. A conceptual review, also means a structured evaluation process focusing on the core ideas, concepts, and definitions related to a topic, aiming to understand how they are understood, interpreted, and applied. It helps researchers in organizing their ideas and thoughts choosing the crucial factors they want to look into, and creating the theoretical framework for their research. A conceptual review delves into abstract ideas, definitions, and interpretations of concepts central to the research topic, Its primary goal is to clarify the meaning of concepts, explore different frameworks or models built around them, and identify any inconsistencies, gaps, or debates in the conceptual understanding. It serves as an analytical tool for researchers to develop a comprehensive understanding of their research topic and to organize their ideas. Conceptual review delves into the theoretical underpinnings and fundamental ideas surrounding a topic. 2.2.1 Concept of Marriage Marriage, a legally and socially sanctioned union, usually between a man and a woman, that is regulated by laws, rules, customs, beliefs, and attitudes that prescribe the rights and duties of the partners and accords status to their offspring (if any). According to H.M. Johnson, “Marriage is a stable relationship in which a man and a woman are socially permitted without loss of standing in community to have children.” Lowie, define marriage as a relatively permanent bond between permissible mates.” In the Notes and Queries on Anthropology (1957) marriage is defined as a union between a man and a woman such that children born to the woman are recognized legitimate off- spring of both parents. 2.2.2 The Concept of Divorce In anytime, anywhere and anyhow, divorce is not healthy for the family life. But it happens. Divorce is claimed to be the main reason behind broken family. The common disputes between a husband and a wife are the financial issue, sexual misunderstanding, early marriage, teen pregnancy, education, health problem, etc. When the parents get divorced, usually either of them or sometime both of them leave home. Rana (2017), asserts that reasons for the breakdown of the partnership are (in the perspectives of the former couple): unfulfilled emotional needs, different attitudes towards gender roles (especially concerning work distribution within the family and responsibility of fathers), diverse educational and pedagogical principles, communication problems, absence of dyadic coping and conflict solving strategies, different priorities regarding spare time and family time, unfaithfulness, lack of trust, third party influence, strong professional engagement and long workdays of men. 2.2.3 Concept of Marital Problem Marital problems" refers to significant issues or conflicts that arise within a marriage, impacting the relationship between partners, which can include disagreements about finances, communication issues, intimacy concerns, parenting differences, infidelity, or unequal distribution of household responsibilities. Marital problems stem from poor communication, lack of intimacy, money problems, and growing apart as life takes different twists and turns. 2.2.4 The Concept of Social Upbringing The concept of social upbringing was propounded by Lev Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist. Vygotsky believed that social interaction and culture play a crucial role in shaping a child's development and learning. He argued that children learn and develop through guided participation in social activities, and that language and culture are essential tools for cognitive development. Social upbringing" refers to the process by which a child learns and internalizes the values, norms, behaviors, and expectations of their society through interactions with family, peers, community, and institutions, essentially shaping their social identity and preparing them to function effectively within their culture as they grow up; it encompasses the active learning of social skills and understanding of societal rules through various socialization agents throughout childhood and adolescence. This overview was generated with the help of AI. It's supported by info from across the web and google's knowledge graph, a collection of info about people, places and things. 2.3 The Causes of Marital Problems Marital crises could originate from different sources some of which could be Marital psychological and/ or psychosomatic in nature. The causes of marital problems have been studied and proposed by many researchers and experts in the field of marriage and family therapy. John Gottman known for his work on the "Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse" (criticism, defensiveness, contempt, and stonewalling), which can predict marital dissolution. Gary Chapman proposed the "5 Love Languages" theory, which suggests that marital problems can arise when partners have different love languages. Attesting to the above claim retorts that more and more marriages run into crisis and eventually pack up because one partner has a borderline personality disorder such as narcissist, antisocial, psychopathic personality disorders. These sort of people are abusers by nature where as some are even unaware or unconscious of their near helpless conditions. Marital problems could also lead to divorce and causes of marital problems are: Social Incompatibility of Marriage Partners There is no doubt that some marriages have absolutely no foundation or basis for being contracted at the first instance. This is so because the pair is socially incompatible and may only manage to get along for a short while before signs of incompatibility would start to manifest. It would then be discovered that the couple are strange bed fellows - socially, religiously and ideologically. Crises are bound to ensue in a situation where a marriage partner sets high and unrealistic standards in the home. The fallibility of man is unquestionable and as such it is not possible that such idealistic standards are realized. This is capable of degenerating into crisis in the home. Many married people become disillusioned when they discover that their union is not all they had expected and that their spouse is not quite what they had envisioned him/her to be. Additionally, some couples unrealistically expect to get more out of marriage than they put into it. The reasons for divorce are complex and multifaceted. Hong explains that growth and change are inevitable, but if you’re not growing together, it can put a strain on your relationship. When you marry at a young age, you may still be developing key aspects of your personality. Having a hard time living with your spouse is a leading cause of divorce. Sexual Incompatibility Poor sexual-satisfaction on the part of a marital partner may spice up crisis in the union which not properly and timely detected and managed could lead to extramarital sexual affairs, a situation that if on its own leads to disaffection and loss of trust. Some people just aren't sexually compatible, even if the love is there. While having an incompatibility problem is a frequent contributor to divorce. Extreme Sexual Orientation Extreme sexual orientation of one of a marriage partner is capable of endangering a marital union. Such orientations like homosexuality, lesbianism, bestiality, sodomy, oral sex, excessive sexual appetite especially when the other partner is at the other extreme of the scale can generate crisis in the homes. Most of the time, such extreme sexual behaviors or orientations are discovered rather too late or midway into the marriage that it becomes very difficult to pull out of the engagement. And when once a partner cannot get along crisis ensues. Sometimes you have a partner that wants more sex, problem. Sometimes a partner gets jealous and thinks that the other is having sex with someone else, problem. Sometimes a partner wants to try something new and the other one doesnt, problem. There are so many combinations and ways and reasons people use to upset and make each other argue. Extended Family Affairs/Issues. Some once upon -a-time happy couples have had their marriages rocked for their inability to properly manage extended family issues. In most cases, women find it difficult to accommodate relations of the husband (especially mothers and sisters - in-law) and vice versa on the part of some husbands, a situation most marriage partners may find difficult to accommodate. Some men/women often quarrel with spouses whose interests are only on the betterment of their own relations. 2.4 Effects of Marital Problems on Social Upbringing of Students Milling K.E (1984) proves that marital conflict affects children's social functioning and strongly predicts their adjustment, including internalizing disorders (e.g. anxiety, depression, and withdrawal), externalizing disorders (e.g. aggression, delinquency, and conduct disorders), and academic achievement. Marital distress has powerful effects on the partners, often leading to great sadness, worry, a high level of tension, anxiety, and depression. And, if prolonged, it can negatively impact one's physical health. Marital conflict can have a significant negative impact on children's social upbringing, including: Emotional distress: Children may experience low self-esteem and social difficulties. Internalizing problems: Children may develop anxiety and depression, which can lead to poor interpersonal relationships. Externalizing problems: Children may exhibit aggression, conduct disorders, and noncompliance. Ineffective parenting: Marital conflict can lead to negative interactions between parents and children, such as ineffective parenting and disagreement over child-rearing. Increased risk of committing crimes: Children from high-conflict families may be at increased risk of committing crimes. How conflict is handled is also important to consider. For example, exposure to mild disagreements may help children develop strategies for coping with conflict. However, poorly managed inter parental conflict can put children at risk for emotional and behavioral problems. 2.5 Parental separation and social upbringing of children According to Ruksana (2017), Parental separation involves the separation of parents from children due to social-economic issues of the family as for example emigration, divorce death of one partner or long distance work environment of one or both of the parents. In addition, the increasing participation of women in these labour movements from rural areas to the urban centres. Thus more mothers are leaving behind their children in the rural areas in search for job in the urban centres so as to be able to cater for their children. Social Upbringing is a consistent process carried out by society through specific mechanisms and methods to give its members all the cultural elements that shape their identity and maintain their knowledge, attitudes, values, standards, and perceptive models, affecting their behaviour in all walks of life Mohsin, Mustafa, in Arabic, (1997). Moreover, upbringing involves developing a person’s self-image, providing the individual with the elements of a social identity, raising awareness, integrating into the cultural and social environment, and preparing for the social and professional roles as an effective and full member of society Parental separation, such as divorce or death, can have a significant impact on a child's social upbringing. Children who experience parental separation may have a harder time relating to others, and may have fewer social contacts. They may also experience: Behavioral problems Children may exhibit more behavioral problems, such as increased irritability and noncompliance. Lower psychological well-being Children may have lower psychological well-being, and may be more likely to experience mental health problems like anxiety and depression. Poorer educational outcomes Children may have poorer educational outcomes, and may fall behind in class. Social withdrawal Children may withdraw socially, and may seem uninterested or fearful of social situations. Low self-image Children may have a low self-image, which can be associated with social withdrawal. The effects of parental separation can be particularly strong for children who experience it at a younger age. The effects of parental separation can also be stronger if the breakup was high conflict. 2.5.1 Mechanism that link parental separation to social Upbringing of children Parental separation can impact a child's social upbringing through a number of mechanisms, including: Material disadvantage Children in single-parent households may experience material disadvantage due to the costs of running two households, legal fees, and the reduced earning power of women. Limited access to resources Children in single-parent households may have limited access to emotional, social, and financial resources. Stress Children may experience stress due to a lack of financial resources, which can lead to withdrawal from social interaction. Psychological distress Children may experience psychological distress after a parental separation, which can lead to difficulties accepting and profiting from emotional and social resources. Other consequences of parental separation include: Difficulty maintaining healthy relationships Academic challenges Behavioral changes Poverty Educational failure Earlier life transition 2.5.2 Parenting and Parent-child Relationship Parent/child relationships are important because, ideally, they provide a safe haven for children to explore and develop. They also provide an opportunity for parents to teach and show love through unconditional support, guidance, discipline, and encouragement. Importance of parent-child relationship Children who have a healthy relationship with their parents are more likely to develop positive relationships with other people around them. They can establish secure bonds and friendships with peers. They are better at regulating their emotions when faced with stress and difficult situations. A secure attachment with parents helps promote a child’s cognitive, emotional and social development. It also helps kids exhibit positive social behaviors. The healthy involvement of parents in their children’s day to day life helps ensure that their kids can perform better socially and academically. Children who have a secure and positive relationship with their parents learn essential skills and values that set them on the path for future success. 2.6 Interventions to Deal with Social Upbringing of Children Some interventions to help with a child's social upbringing include: Parent–child interaction Early parent–child interaction can help children develop communication skills, form secure relationships, and build social and emotional connections. Family therapy A form of talk therapy that can help improve relationships between family members. Parent Management Training (PMT) Teaches parents how to use positive reinforcement, such as praise and rewards, to encourage appropriate behaviors in children. Play therapy A therapeutic intervention that uses play to help children who have social and emotional difficulties. Play is a child's natural way to communicate. Positive Behavior Intervention and Support (PBIS) A research-based approach that encourages positive behaviors and social and emotional development in early childhood. Art therapy Can help with social, emotional, and cognitive development. Art can help children feel at ease and express their feelings. Early intervention and prevention Interventions that can help build parents' skills and self-esteem, improve their employability, and enhance children's development and well-being. 2.7 Theoretical Framework Using the family system theory by Murray Bowen (1972) proposes that the family is a system of interconnected individual who influenced each other behavior and wellbeing. The implications of this theory to the present study lies on the fact that performance in school is mediated by their upbringing which perhaps is influenced by their family. According to M.C Lanahan (1994) in two parents homes, both parents have roles to play in child's life, the father is to provide necessary tools for the educational achievement while the mother is supposed to supplement the father's efforts in this regard. When the father is absent and the mother is not privileged enough to cater all the basic needs as well as supervised the academic performance of the child the child will be backward or withdrawn. Hanson (1999 ) supports the idea of the continuous process theory and argues that pre divorce conflicts accounts for the apparent of negative impact of divorce base on two assumptions; parents who subsequently divorce exhibit more conflict than parents who stay together and parental conflict reduces a child wellbeing. Conflict also may affect children indirectly by altering parents-child relationships. Strength: secondary school students who experience Marita problems may develop resilience and adaptability skills which can benefit them in the long run Students who witness or experience marital conflict may develop emotional intelligence and empathy as they learn to navigate complex emotions and relationship. Marital problems can prompt students to become more independent and self-reliant as they learn to take care of themselves and manage their emotions. Weakness: marital problems can cause emotional distress, anxiety and trauma in secondary school students which can navigate impact their social and emotional development Students who experience Marital problems may exhibit behavioral problems such as aggression, delinquency or substance abuse as a way to cope with their emotions. Secondary school students who witness marital conflicts may have difficulty forming and maintaining health relationships as they may struggle with trust, intimacy and communication. CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction This chapter consisted of research design. population, and sample size, sampling procedures, instruments, validity and reliability of the instruments, data gathering procedures. data analysis, ethical considerations and limitations of the study. 3.2 Research Design The study used a descriptive correlation design that is both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection. It is Quantitative in the sense that it was based on methodological principles of description, and use of statistical measurements Wildler, (2002). It was descriptive in that respondents in the selected secondary schools described the characteristics of the various activities. It was correlational because it established the relationship between the marital problems leading to divorce and students’ social Upbringing among adolescents. It was cross sectional because data was collected from all respondents within the same period of time. It was expost facto as it involved events that have already taken place and may be related to present conditions. 3.3 Description of the Study Area Dutsin-Ma Local Government Area, established in 1976, is located in Katsina State, Nigeria, and is known for its predominantly Hausa and Fulani population engaged in farming and animal rearing. The name "Dutsin-Ma" is derived from a hunter named "MA" who lived on a rock, with "Dutsi" meaning "Rock" in Hausa. We have both primary, secondary and tertiary schools in Dutsin ma Local Government area, Amomg them is the popular Federal university Dutsin ma (FUDMA) and Isa Kaita College of Education (IKCOED). Dutsin-Ma Local Government Area, located in Katsina State, Nigeria, is predominantly Muslim, with the majority of its people being Hausa and Fulani, and a smaller population of Maguzawa who practice African Traditional Religion. Dutsin-ma is one of the oldest towns in central part of Katsina, it is bounded by Kankia, Charanchi and Matazu to the East, Safana and Dan-musa to the south and Kurfi to the north. 3.4. Study Population The target population included a total of 30957 students in selected secondary schools in Dutsinma Local Government Katsina State. Below is the table of population according to the schools. KATSINA STATE MINISTRY OF BASIC AND SECONDARY EDUCATION ZONAL EDUCATION QUALITY ASSURANCE DUTSINMA STUDENTS ENROLLMENT FIGURES AS AT 2023/2024 ACADEMIC SESSION S/N SCHOOLS JSS I JSS II JSS III SS I SS II SS III TOTAL 1 GPSS KURFI 554 553 430 420 415 340 2712 2 GGSS KURFI 246 251 302 274 263 316 1652 3 GSS MAKERA 445 503 398 258 263 248 2115 4 GSS RAWAYAU 579 331 279 206 250 277 1922 5 GSS BIRCHI 420 491 437 365 285 406 2406 6 GSS WURMA 337 286 213 058 150 089 1133 7 GSS TAMAWA 327 444 197 064 074 090 1196 8 GSS BAGAGADI 187 154 125 120 106 083 773 9 GSS KUKI 394 234 175 118 145 165 1134 10 GSS DABAWA 165 159 145 187 085 074 715 11 GSS TSAURI 296 315 281 152 140 194 1378 12 GGSS SHEMA 021 018 010 029 033 028 139 13 GJSS KAROFI 601 480 465 - - - 1546 14 GJSS DUTSINMA 670 666 763 - - - 2102 15 GGJSS DUTSINMA 1035 537 450 - - - 2022 16 GPJSS DUTSINMA 900 463 473 - - - 1836 17 GGAJSS DUTSINMA 200 190 150 - - - 540 18 GSS KAEOFI - 324 365 274 963 19 GSSS DUTSINMA - 348 402 426 1276 20 GPSSS DUTSINMA - 404 382 434 1220 21 GGASSS DUTSINMA - 125 207 235 567 22 -GGSSS DUTAINMA - - 490 564 556 1610 TOTAL - - - - - - 30957 Source: Zonal Education Quality Assurance Office Dutsinma LGA (2023). 3.5. Sample Size Determination The purposive sampling was utilized to select the respondents based on these criteria as follows: students and teachers in any under were considered during sampling, the aim was to avoid bias and have accurate representation for the study to be valid. The selected three (3) schools include GGASS,GPSS and GSS BAGAGADI Dutsinma with estimated population of 1344 these comprises of SS1 and SS2 classes and 10 teachers from the three (3) schools. Therefore, the sample size for this study will be one hundred and fifty (150) respondents. These were representative sampled population of the total population of the senior secondary school students from the three selected schools. Sample size S/N SCHOOLS SS1&2 POPULATION 1 GGASS 50 (5) Ts 2 GSS BAGAGADI 50 (5) Ts 3 GPSS 50 (5) Ts Total 150 (20) Ts 3.6 Instrumentation The research tools that were used in the study included the following: (I) face sheet to gather data on the demographic information (gender. age, class) (2) researcher devised questionnaires to examine the causes of parental separation among adolescents in the selected secondary schools of Dutsinma Local Government Katsina and to examine the level of students’ social Upbringing among adolescents in the selected secondary schools of Dutsinma Local Government Katsina .The response modes and scoring were as follows I); strongly disagree (2); disagree (3); neutral (4): agree (5): strongly agree. 3.6.1 Validity and Reliability of the Instruments. Validity is a criterion by which the researcher expects to obtain the responses he she expects to measure criteria expected from the objectives and variables .Content validity of the instruments was ensured through use of valid concepts and or words which measure the study variables. 3.7 Method of Data Collection. The Researcher obtained an introductory letter from the Federal University Dutsinma Katina state to the selected schools under study to obtain an authorization to conduct the research on the selected respondents. The researcher together with the research assistants prepared the questionnaires; using the agreed sampling techniques. The researcher together with researcher assistants requested the respondents: (I) to sign the informed consent; (2) to answer all questions without leaving any item on the questionnaire: and to be objective in ans’a ering the questions. Retrieving the questionnaires was done within 14days from the day of distribution. All Questionnaires were checked to ensure they are completely filled. Finally. data gathered was collected, coded into the computer and statistically treated using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). 3.8. Data Analysis A descriptive statistical data analysis was used to analyse the data gathered through questionnaires. The questionnaire that was administered, to the respondents was analysed using a frequency count and percentage tables and discussing the views and opinions of the respondent which was based on the question that was raised by the researcher. Data from the questionnaire were analysed according to the question from objectives of the study. A systhematic analysis approach was employed to interpret the rich and nuanced data gathered through questionnaires. The respondents' perspectives and opinions were carefully examined, and emerging themes were identified and categorized. The analysis focused on uncovering patterns, meanings, and insights that addressed the research questions and objectives. The questionnaire data were scrutinized through a lens of critical interpretation, paying attention to the language, tone, and context of the respondents' responses. The analysis aimed to capture the essence of the participants' experiences, perceptions, and attitudes, providing a deeper understanding of the research phenomenon. Key themes and sub-themes emerged from the data, which were then triangulated with the research objectives to ensure a comprehensive and accurate interpretation of the findings. 3.9. Problem Encountered Data Collection Challenges Access to sensitive information: Students are hesitant to share personal details about their family situation. Difficulty in obtaining parental consent: Parents are reluctant to allow their children to participate in a study that involves discussing sensitive family issues. Ensuring participant anonymity: Maintaining confidentiality and anonymity are challenging, especially in smaller schools. Ethical Challenges Discussing marital problems and divorce can be emotionally distressing for students. Ensuring that students' personal information and responses remain confidential can be a challenge. Analytical Challenges Marital problems and divorce can involve complex and nuanced family dynamics, making analysis challenging. Distinguishing between correlation and causality can be difficult, especially when examining the impact of marital problems and divorce on students' outcomes. Ensuring that findings are generalizable to other populations and contexts can be a challenge. CHAPTER FOUR DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS 4.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter analysis the data from the 250-questionnaire administered to students from each sampled schools in Dutsin-Ma Local Government Area, Katsina State. Research question were used as a guide to analysis this data. 4.2 Socio-demographic Data Variable Category Frequency (F) Percentage (%) Gender Male 120 40 Total Female 130 250 60 100 Age 12-15 years 80 60 16-19 years 100 35 Total 20year & above 70 250 5 100 Class Distribution JSS1-JSS3 120 55 Total SSS1-SS3 130 250 45 100 Source: Field Survey 2025 The gender distribution shows a slight dominance of females (60%) over males (40%). This marginal difference suggests that the study's findings may be slightly more representative of female perspectives. The age distribution reveals that 60% of respondents are between 12-15 years old, with 35% falling within the 16-19 age range. This indicates that the study's findings are largely influenced by the experiences and perspectives of adolescents and young adults. The class distribution shows a relatively balanced representation across junior and senior secondary school classes, with 55% of respondents from JSS1-JSS3 and 45% from SS1-SS3. This balance suggests that the study's findings are informed by a diverse range of educational experiences. The balanced class distribution indicates that the study's findings may be applicable to a range of educational settings and experiences. By considering these socio-demographic insights, researchers and practitioners can better understand the study's findings and implications, and tailor their applications and interventions accordingly. 4.3 Causes of Marital Problem Variable Category Frequency Percentage Parental separation Total Time since separation Total Reason for separation and Divorce Total How finances contributes to marital problems Total yes No Less than 1year 1-2 years 2-5 years More than 5year Lack of communication Infidelity Financial problem Domestic violence Other Difference in spending habits Financial Disagreement Debit and financial burden Inadequate saving Other 180 70 250 50 70 80 50 250 80 40 50 30 50 250 70 60 50 30 40 250 80 20 100 30 20 40 10 100 35 20 15 15 15 100 48 12 10 15 15 100 Source: Field Survey 2025 80% of respondents have experienced parental separation, indicating a significant proportion of respondents have gone through this experience. Parental separation is a common experience among respondents. The time since separation varies, with 30% experiencing separation less than 1 year ago, 20% between 1-2 years ago, 40% between 2-5 years ago, and 10% more than 5 years ago,. Lack of communication, infidelity, and financial problems are significant contributors to marital problems. -Lack of communication is the most common reason for separation and divorce, cited by 35% of respondents. Infidelity is another significant reason, cited by 20% of respondents. Financial problems, domestic violence, and other reasons also contribute to marital problems. Financial disagreements and differences in spending habits are key factors in marital conflicts. Financial disagreements are a significant contributor to marital problems, cited by 15% of respondents. Differences in spending habits are also a major issue, cited by 15% of respondents. Debt and financial burdens, inadequate savings, and other financial issues also contribute to marital conflicts. The time since separation varies, but many respondents experienced separation at different times. These findings highlight the importance of addressing financial issues, communication, and infidelity in marital relationships. Couples can benefit from counseling, financial planning, and communication skills training to strengthen their relationships. 4.4 Social Upbringing Variable Category Frequency Percentage Primary Caregiver Total Communication with parents Total Extracurricular Activities Total Relationship with peers Total Mother Father Guardian/Relative Other Daily Weekly Monthly Rarely Yes No Very Good Good Fair Poor 150 70 10 20 250 90 80 40 40 250 100 150 250 110 50 50 40 250 60 20 7 13 100 25 20 5 50 100 40 60 100 48 20 20 12 100 Source: Field Survey 2025 60% of students are primarily cared for by their mothers, indicating a significant role of mothers in childcare. Fathers are the primary caregivers for 20% of students, while guardians/relatives and others care for smaller percentages. 25% of students communicate with their parents daily, suggesting strong parental involvement.20% communicate weekly, 5% monthly, and 50% rarely, indicating varying levels of communication Mothers play a significant role in childcare 40% of students participate in extracurricular activities, suggesting that most students engage in activities beyond academics. Students have varying levels of communication with parents. 48% of students have very good relationships with peers, while 20% have good relationships.20% have fair relationships, and 12% have poor relationships, indicating that most students have positive peer relationships. Parental involvement in students' lives. Encouraging extracurricular activities for holistic development. Fostering positive peer relationships. By understanding these factors, educators and parents can better support students' social upbringing. Out of the total 250 respondents, 200 (90%) reported that parental separation had an impact on their social upbringing, while 50 (10%) reported that it did not. This indicates that half of the respondents were significantly affected by parental separation. The effects of parental separation on social upbringing reveal that 60 respondents (25%) experienced difficulty making friends, 40 respondents (15%) reported low self-esteem, 50 respondents (20%) exhibited aggressive behavior, and 50 respondents (20%) withdrew from social activities. This suggests that parental separation can have a range of negative effects on social upbringing. The high percentage of respondents who reported difficulty making friends may indicate that parental separation can disrupt social relationships and make it challenging for individuals to form and maintain friendships. The presence of low self-esteem and aggressive behavior among respondents also highlights the potential emotional and psychological impacts of parental separation. Furthermore, the withdrawal from social activities reported by some respondents may suggest that parental separation can lead to social isolation and decreased participation in social activities. Overall, the data suggests that parental separation can have a significant impact on social upbringing, and that the effects can be far-reaching and varied. 4.5 Impact of Parental Separation on Social Upbringing Variable Category Frequency Percentage (%) Impact on Social Upbringing Total Effect of Social Upbringing Total Yes No Difficult making friends Low self-esteem Aggressive behavior Withdrawal from social activities Others 200 50 250 60 40 50 50 50 250 90 10 100 25 15 20 20 20 100 Source: Field Survey 2025 90% of students believe that parental separation has had an impact on their social upbringing, indicating a significant majority. 50 of students do not believe that parental separation has had an impact on their social upbringing. Parental separation has a significant impact on students' social upbringing. Difficult making friends: 25% of students report difficulty making friends, suggesting that parental separation can affect social relationships. Low self-esteem: 15% of students report low self-esteem, indicating that parental separation can impact self-perception. Aggressive behavior: 20% of students report aggressive behavior, suggesting that parental separation can lead to emotional difficulties. Withdrawal from social activities: 20% of students report withdrawal from social activities, indicating that parental separation can affect social participation. Students who experienced parental separation report various negative effects, including: These findings highlight the importance of providing support systems for students who experience parental separation. By providing these support systems, we can help students who experience parental separation overcome the challenges they face and thrive in their social upbringing. 4.6: Discussion of Findings The act of separation itself is not the most significantly contributing factor to children problem in academic performance, psychological behaviour and wellbeing. As Sun (2001) argues separation is not an isolated, single event that is detrimental to children only after its occurence. Sun (2001) result shows that students from separated family scored significantly low in math than students from intact family. In table 1: Above the items seek to find out the causes of marital problems. In item1 the respondents agree that marital problem will have negative effect on academic performance of students. From the above table item it is obvious that the academic performance of the students are similar in all circumstances and thus there is need for parents to settle disputes for the sake of their children. The above corroborates the findings of Olayinka (1999) that separation has a greater role to play in the academic achievement of secondary school students in Nigeria. Rebecca Bertly Hynek Stafford, and Noriko (2014), were of the view that parental separation were more common amongst families in which the occupational social class of the father was less advantage, mothers were younger and did not stay beyound minimum school- leaving age. In Table 2: students agree that parent’s socio economic factors have influence on academic achievement of students. Hughes (2005) discuss the research that has focus on the causes of student’s difficulty in schools in relation to separation. Amato (1993) discuss six major problem, other than the separation itself that the children also struggle with. First, is parental loss in which the children also loss the knowledge, skills, and resources of that parents. Second, is economic loss. Third, more life stress occurs because children has to go through changes such as home or school changes. Fourth, poor parental adjustment relating to how children fare in families is due to poor mental health of the parents. Lastly exposure to interpersonal conflict will affect the degree to which the children are exposed to the conflicts. Parents and other people involved can help by creating a healthy environment, which will have a positive effect on a child's future and help students in their academic achievements. However, the roles of teacher in the lives of student whose parents has recently divorced is a sensitive one. While Teachers should be alert to the possible appearance of stress, they should not make mistake by assuming that they will see them. In other to best help the student to cope with separation and maintain success academically, school based interventions should follow some guidelines. Interventions that target strong support systems will be most effective. Parents needs to be more involved in the intervention as much as possible. Teachers can be involved by referring students to the groups, monitor students’ progress and coping skills, and provide emotional supports to the students. CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS INTRODUCTION: This chapter present a summary of major findings, conclusion and recommendation plus the suggested areas that needs further research. 5.1 SUMMARY The purpose of the findings is to examine the influence of parental seperation on academic achievement of secondary school students in Dutsin ma Local Government Katsina state. This study comprises of five chapters in which chapter gives insight on the main topic of discussion through providing insight on main topic consisting of background of the study, statement of the problem, objectives of the study, research questions, research hypothesis, significance of the study, scope of the study, as well as the operational definition of terms. It was guided by four objectives (i) To determine the influence of single parent family on students’ academic performance.in selected schools in Dutsinma Local Government Katsina State. (ii)To find out the influence of parent socio- economic status on students’ academic performance in selected schools in Dutsinma Local Government Katsina state. (iii) To investigate if students from single parent family will performed better than student’s intact family in selected schools in Dutsinma Local Government Katsina state. (iv) To justify if students gender have any influence on students’ academic performance in selected schools in Dutsinma Local Government Katsina state. Chapter two discuss the position of scholar with regards to the influence of parental on academic achievement of secondary school students in Dutsinma Local Government Katsina State where the related relevant literature were reviewed. And also, theories like Family Deficit Model Dohano and the Continuos Process Theory were reviewed. Chapter three contains Methodology, method and data used which talk about Research design, Population, Sample and sampling techniques, instrumentation, validation of the instruments, reliability of the instruments, procedures for data collection and Data analysis techniques. Also, chapter four deals with analysis and interpretation of data. The findings of the research based on questionnaires respond by students were also discussed. While the last chapter which is chapter five summarize the whole study which give conclusion, recommendations and suggestion for further study The findings of the research are summarized as follows: Will single parent family have any significant influence on students’ academic performance? Single parent family have significant influence on students’ academic performance due to emotional and psychological stress that comes with separation for the child, trying to accept and cope with new life and environment sometimes . However, a healthy environment and teacher and parents intervention may be discussed to help students adjust to the new environment, also prior discussion of the separation before it happens may actually help the students. Do parent socio- economic status have any significant influence on students academic performance? The socio economic factor influence the students academic achievement due to limited economic resources, children in single-parent families may have more difficulties. Research suggests that single-parent families headed by mothers have less income than most two-parent families, and there is the common belief that many of the difficulties experienced by children in school are the result of the economic difficulties experienced by the families. During the pre-seperation the parents should come in agreement on how to cater for their children and how to help them financially, emotionally and psychologically so as to help them improve in their academic achievement even after seperation. Do students from single parent family performed better than students from intact family? The relationship between children of seperated families and academic achievement are apparent, much of this findings reveals that educators needs to the sensitivity of the children prior to seperation and not allow these challenge to be a pullback factor in their academic achievements Does student’s gender have any influence on students’ academic performance? Nisivoccia's (1997) study concurs with much of the research findings that boys of divorced families exhibit poorer academic successes than girls, but more because of their multiple behaviour problems. It was seen that females were more negatively impacted by divorce than males. It was found that males from divorced families had lower grade point averages than males from intact families. Ham (2003) notes that family therapists recognize the importance of the father-daughter connection. The father must be able to connect with the daughter always and also the mother vice versa .The children must be able to see their parents as their confider and be able to freely discuss their problems with them, also the parents must be able to create space for the children to discuss with them. 5.2 CONCLUSION The main aim of this research was to find out the influence of Parental separation on the academic achievement of Secondary School students in Dutsinma Local Government, Katsina State. The results gathered from this areas and groups involved, made the researcher to conclude that proper guide on seperation, wrong choice of seperation amongst parents has many negative influence on secondary school students such as depression, frustration and negative influence on their academic achievements. These problems need solution to help the students adjust properly, have enough information and live a happier lives. The study reveals that children from seperated family’s needs support from Teachers, parents, and even the communities they live in. 5.3 RECOMMENDATION The researcher make recommendation that parents should endeavour to solve their social problems and thereby improving the standard of living of homes and parenting attitudes so that children will be able to learn good behaviours. Teachers in the school system should also made all possible efforts to identify students with behaviour diaorder and low academic achievement arising from homefront of the students. Therefore the research is directed to parents, teachers, community and also the government the potential reserchers and authorities of the school in general. 5.4 CONTRIBUTION OF STUDY TO KNOWLEDGE The following areas are identified for further study, prospective researchers and even students should be encourage to research into the following areas. (i) Divorce and child upbringing. (i)single parenting and academic performance. APPENDIX QUESTIONNAIRE Dear Respondents I, Lukman Aishat O. (SOC/2021/20044), a final-year undergraduate student in the Department of Sociology, Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State, am undertaking this research project titled "The Impact of Marital Problems and Divorce on Secondary School Students: A Case Study of Dutsin-Ma Local Government Area, Katsina State" as part of the requirements for the award of a Bachelor of Science Degree in Sociology. This questionnaire is part of a research study aimed at investigating the impact of parental separation and divorce on the social upbringing of adolescents in selected secondary schools in Dutsinma Local Government Area, Katsina State, Nigeria. Your participation in this study is voluntary and anonymous. The information gathered will be used solely for research purposes and will be kept confidential. Your responses will contribute significantly to our understanding of the effects of parental separation and divorce on adolescents' social upbringing. Please answer the questions honestly and to the best of your ability. If you have any questions or concerns, please do not hesitate to ask. Thank you for your participation. Section A: Demographic Information 1. Gender: a) Male ( ) b) Female ( ) 2. Age_______ (a) 12- 15 ( ) (b) 16-19 ( ) (c) 20& above( ) 3. Class: ______ (a) JSS1- JSS3 ( ) (b) SSS1-SSS3 ( ) Section B: Causes of Marita Problems 1. Have your parents ever been separated or divorced? a) Yes ( ) b) No ( ) 2. If yes, how long ago did the separation or divorce occur? a) Less than 1 year ( ) b) 1-2 years ( ) c) 2-5 years ( ) d) More than 5 years ( ) 3. What do u think are some common causes of marital problems?(Tick all that apply) a) Lack of communication ( ) b) Infidelity ( ) c) Financial problems ( ) d) Domestic violence ( ) e) Other (please specify)_________ 4. How can finances contribute to marital problems? (Tick all that apply) a) differences in spending habbit ( ) b) financial disagreement and argument ( ) c) debt and financial burdens ( ) d) inadequate savings ( ) e) Other (please specify)______ Section C: Students' Social Upbringing 1. Who primarily takes care of you? a) Mother ( ) b) Father ( ) c) Both parents ( ) d) Guardian/Relative ( ) e) Other (please specify)______________ 2. How often do you communicate with your parents? a) Daily ( ) b) Weekly ( ) c) Monthly ( ) d) Rarely ( ) 3. Do you participate in extracurricular activities? a) Yes ( ) b) No ( ) 4. How would you describe your relationship with your peers? a) Very good ( ) b) Good ( ) c) Fair ( ) d) Poor ( ) Section D: Impact of Parental Separation on Social Upbringing 1. Do you think your parents' separation or divorce has affected your social upbringing? a) Yes ( ) b) No ( ) 2. If yes, how has it affected you? (Tick all that apply) a) Difficulty making friends ( ) b) Low self-esteem ( ) c) Aggressive behavior ( ) d) Withdrawal from social activities ( ) e) Other (please specify)________ Section E: (ESSAY) Ways by which we can tackle marital problems 1. Which way do you think marital problems can be solved or minimize? ___________________________________ Thank you for taking the time to complete this questionnaire! REFERENCES Amato, P. R. (1993). Children's adjustment to divorce: Theories, hypotheses, and empirical support. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 55(1), 23–38. https://doi.org/10.2307/352954. 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