ASSESSMENT OF SANTATION CHALLENGES AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH IMPLICATION IN NAZE COMMUNITY UMUOSU OWERRI, IMO STATE

ASSESSMENT OF SANTATION CHALLENGES AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH IMPLICATION IN NAZE COMMUNITY UMUOSU OWERRI, IMO STATE BY AMOS VICTOR ONYEDIKACHI 2017/112300/REGULAR SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES ABIA STATE UNIVERSITY, UTURU. IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENT IN THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.Sc) DEGREE IN ARCHITECTURE SUPERVISOR: ARC OBASI C.U JULY, 2023 CERTIFICATION I, hereby certify that this project was carried out by AMOS VICTOR ONYEDIKACHI with matriculation number: 2017/112300/REGULAR, Architecture, Abia State University, Uturu, under my supervisor. ………………………………………… ………………………….. Arc OBASI C.U DATE (SUPERVISOR) ………………………………………….. ………………………… DR.EJIMAOFOR .C.O DATE (HOD ARC) …………………………………………… …………………………… ARC. PROF. G.C ALOZIE DATE (DEAN, FES) ……………………………………………. …….…………………….. EXTERNAL EXAMINER DATE DEDICATION This work is dedicated to God Almighty, the author of knowledge for the wisdom and mercy given to me throughout my study, and to all Architects in Environmental Resource Managers in pursuit of academic success. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To my Able Supervisor Dr.OBASI who widened my scope of knowledge through his advice, encouragement, motivation and constructive criticism. My gratitude goes to my Head of Department Prof. C.E Ogbonna for love and care god bless you. I acknowledge the interest, support and professional advice of my lecturers for there love and knowledge impacted on me. Thanks. To my lovely family I cannot say it all for all your support shown to me and my wonderful siblings thank you and god bless you all amen. To my one and only two uncles Rev. Father. Robert Ike and Mr. Francis Ike for all you effort to see me through I am really grateful. Finally to all my colleagues, and all my well wishers , you all are wonderful God bless you all amen. ABSTRACT The study assessed the sanitation challenges its environmental health implication in Naze. Owerri. Sanitation is a process taming the environment so that it no longer constitutes a hazard to man. Data for this study was collected from random administration of one hundred and fifty (150) questionnaires which one hundred and twenty (120) copies were correctly filled and returned o categories of respondents in this area. Descriptive statistical tools such as frequency tables, mean and percentage were used to analyze the data obtained from the questionnaire. The result shows that there is a significant mean difference between those who do not practice proper sanitation on environmental health. The H which states that there is a significant difference between environmental health of those who do practice proper sanitation in Naze is accepted at t = 8.68, p< 05. This study will beof great help to environmentalist, planners and policy makers. TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page i Certification page ii Declaration iii Dedication iv Acknowledgement v Abstract vi Table of content vii List of tables ix CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background of study 1 1.2 Statement of the problem 3 1.3 Aim and objectives 4 1.4 The findings of the study 4 1.5 Research hypothesis 4 1.6 Theoretical frame work 5 1.7 Scope of the study 7 1.8 Limitations of the study 8 1.9 Significance of the study 8 1.10 Study area 9 1.11 The study design 9 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 11 2.1 Concept of sanitation and environmental health 11 2.2 Components of environmental sanitation 18 2.3 Environmental health and sanitation Africa 28 2.4 Environmental health and sanitation in Nigeria 28 2.5 Pest and Disease vector control 29 2.6 Activities that negative environmental sanitation 31 2.7 Activities that promote environmental sanitation 32 2.8 Summary of literature 32 CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHOD 34 3.1 Research design 34 3.2 Data needs and source 34 3.3 Sample size 35 3.4 Instrument for data collection 35 3.5 Validation of the instrument 36 3.6 Method of data collection 36 3.7 Method of the data Analysis 36 3.8 Method of data presentation 36 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 37 4.1 Response to questionnaire 37 4.2 Data presentations and analysis 38 4.3 Testing of hypothesis 41 4.4 Discussions of findings 43 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 44 5.1 Summary 44 5.2 Conclusion 44 5.3 Recommendations 43 References 47 Appendixes 50 LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1 Gender 38 Table. 4.2 Age distribution 38 Table. 4.3 Marital status 38 Table.4.4 Household size 39 Table 4.5 Occupation 39 Table.4.6 Education Attainment 39 Table 4.7 Sanitation challenge 40 Table 4.8 Sanitation facilities 40 Table 4.9 Prevalence disease 40 Table 4.10 How often people fall ill 41 Table 4.3.1 Summary of t-test 42 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study Poor sanitation has always led to serious health disorder as a result the researcher tends to establish a linkage between sanitation and environmental health. According to world health organization (2008) “Sanitation” is the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces. Inadequate sanitation is a major cause of disease world- wide and improving sanitation is known to have a significant beneficial impact on health both in households and across communities. The word “Sanitation” also refers to the maintenance of hygiene conditions through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal. The mortality rate due to poor sanitation is approx. 5-20% which is quite alarming and this resulting from disease such as diarrhea, cholera, typhoid, paratyphoid, quinea worm biharzias, Ebola etc. several administrations of the three tiers of government in Nigeria, from colonial times, have paid less attention to sanitation improvement. However, this may be due to the popular notion that sanitation is a private household affair and should therefore be left to each individual household to handle as it deem fit. The truth is that an integrated approach for good sanitation is needed to promote the good health and quality of life of all Nigerians. Sanitation maybe applied to a wide range of subjects which may include; ▪ Improved sanitation which refers to the management of human faeces at the household level. ▪ On-site sanitation which is the collection and treatment of waste where it is deposited. Examples are the use of pit latrines, septic tanks etc. ▪ Environmental sanitation which is the control of environmental factors that form links in disease transmission. ▪ Ecological sanitation which is an approach that tries to emulate nature through the recycling of nutrients and water from human and animal wastes in a hygienically safe manner. Environmental sanitation according to Ogbalu (2002) is a process of taming the environment so that it is no longer constitutes a hazard to man. The components of environmental sanitation are solid waste management, medical waste management, food sanitation, sanitary inspection of premises, market and abattoir sanitation, adequate potable water supply, school sanitation, pest and vector control, disposal of the dead. Jamison (2006) stated that the components of environmental sanitation are part of wellness approach to life. Sridhar (2004) asserted that the practice of environmental sanitation had tremendously improved environmental health status of most countries of the world. Imo State as part of Nigeria adopted environmental sanitation to promote health WHO (2017). However, the state of the environmental of Imo State speaks poorly about the objectives of environmental sanitation been achieved. Nwosu (2014) observed that environmental sanitation is Imo State is generally poor. Krisel (2000) observed that people are producing environmental health nuisances more than they are abating them. Various opinions have been expressed on the need to practice environmental sanitation to ensure a sustainable environment. According to (Davis, 2005) and (Ogbalu, 2002) whatever happens to the environment affects those within it. (F.M.E, 2012) assert that the alarming rate at which heaps of solid wastes occupy most of Nigerian cities constituted visual blight, odor nuisance and provided favorable breeding grounds for victors of many diseases. (Obionu, 2000) noted that due to inadequate sanitary inspection of premises, many environmental health hazards are not detected and abated. In a resolution by the regional committee for Africa during the forty-third session, stated in its document Afr (rc43)rs of 7th September, …….that: it is expedient to affirm that proper sanitation and sound waste management are crucial in the promotion and protection of public health and the environment, both of which are necessary for sustainable development. During the pre-independence era (1900-1960) adequate sanitation was maintained by enforcement of public health laws through routine house to house inspection. Despite all these efforts Sridhar (2004) observed that environment sanitation in Nigeria is generally poor. Thus, it is in the light of this background that this research is conducted to assess the sanitation challenges and its environmental health effect in Naze, Imo State, Nigeria. 1.2 Statement of the Problem The Imo State Government adopted and initiated programme on environmental sanitation based on the national environmental policy act. Even though there is improved awareness on sanitation through public health education on the radio and print media but it seems the programme is not working. Solid waste management, sanitary inspection of premises, sewage management, market and abattoir sanitation and adequate potable water supply are still difficult and problematic to come by sanitation, which prevents diseases, cuts across every sphere of our daily activities and deserves proper implementation. According to F.M.E (2004) the poor environmental sanitation has contributed significantly to high prevalence of communicable diseases in Nigeria. That environmental health is dwindling despite efforts to ensure a sustainable environment and promote human health seems not easily understood. That the environment is unfriendly and one of man’s greatest enemies is a source of worry to the researcher. The study therefore sought to find out how sanitation has influenced environmental health in Naza, Imo State, Nigeria. 1.3 Aim and Objectives The aim of this research is to assess the sanitation challenges and its environmental health implication in Naze Imo State, Nigeria. 1. To identify the sanitation challenges in the study area 2. To assess the sanitation facilities in the study area 3. To identify disease prevalent in the area of study 4. To make appropriate recommendation of ways to improve the sanitary status of the study area. 1.4 The Findings of the study The Findings of this study is based on the answers to the following question. In view of the background of the study and the statement of problems. 1. What are the major sanitation challenges in the area of study? 2. What are the sanitation facilities in the area of study? 3. What are the disease prevalent in the study area? 4. How often do the people in the study area fall ill? 5. What are the recommendations on ways to improve environmental health though sanitation. 1.5 Research Hypothesis (Ho) There is no significant effect of sanitation on environmental health of the people of Maze. Alternative hypothesis (Hi) There is a significant effect on sanitation on environmental health of the people of Maze. Null hypothesis (Ho) There is no significant difference between the environmental health of those who practice proper sanitation and those who do not practice proper sanitation in Maze. Alternative hypothesis (Hi) There is significant difference between the environmental health of those who practice proper sanitation and those who do not practice proper sanitation in Maze. 1.6 Theoretical Frame Work The exact causes of the worsening health of people may never be conclusively identified but evidence is undoubtedly strong that those with low behavioral health risks in addition to having reduced mortality had greatly decreased life time disability. The practice of the components of environmental sanitation is a wellness approach to life Jamison (2006). The practice of environmental sanitation according to Sridhar (2004) and tremendously improved public status of most countries of the world. Environmental sanitation is the process of taming the environment so that it is no longer constitutes a hazard to man. Ogbalu (2002). There are a lot of theories that have link with sanitation, environment and disease but the one with close it link is the environmental theory which was propounded by Florence nightingale. The environmental theory The environmental theory of Florence nightingale made her famous particularly in her work of making hospitals sanitary and fresh-smelling. She also associated herself with the masma theory. Florence nightingale (1969) defined in her environmental theory, the following factors present in the patients environment. ▪ Pure or fresh air ▪ Pure water ▪ Sufficient food supply ▪ Efficient drainage ▪ Cleanliness ▪ Light (especially direct sunlight) Any deficiency in one or more of these factors could lead to impaired functioning of life processes or diminished health status. Also emphasized in her environmental theory is the provision of a quiet or noise free and warm environment, attending to patient’s dietary needs by assessment, documentation of time of intake of food and evaluating its effects on the patient. Adequate ventilation has also been regarded as a factor contributing to changes in the patient’s process of illness recovery. Concerns of the theory 1. Proper ventilation focus on the architectural aspect of the hospital. 2. Light has quite as real and tangible effects on the body. Her nursing intervention includes direct exposure to sunlight. 3. Cleanliness and sanitation. She assumes that dirty environment was the source of infection. Her nursing intervention focus on proper handling and disposal of bodily secretions and sewage, frequent bathing for patients and nurses, clean clothing and hand washing. Theoretical Assertions ▪ Prevention of interruption is very vital in the reparative process of the patient. Her focus is on nursing education that required even more training. ▪ Nursing practice is the application of common sense, observation, perseverance and ingenuity. ▪ Disease came from the organic materials from the patient and environment not on a germ theory. She totally disagrees and rejected the germ theory. ▪ Sanitation means the manipulation of the environment to prevent diseases. Importance of the theory 1. Disease control 2. Sanitation and water treatment 3. Prevention of sick building syndrome “by applying the principles of ventilation and good lighting. 4. Waste disposal. The research which is about sanitation and environmental health has relationship with this theory because according to nightingale cleaning is important since diseases are associated with poor sanitation and some factors are needed in the environment to promote health. It is on the above paradigm that this research rests with its theoretical framework based on Ogbalu (2002) definition of environmental sanitation which is the process of taming the environment so that it no longer constitutes a hazard to man. This definition presents environmental sanitation as an instrumentality for successful living. It is hoped with the implementation of environmental sanitation by everyone, environmental health is enhanced. 1.7 Scope of the study The focus of this study is on sanitation challenges and its health implication in Naze, Imo State. This research examines how sanitation affects the environmental health of the residence of Naze. It also examines the environmental health difference of those who practice poor sanitation and those who do not practice proper sanitation. 1.8 Limitations of the study Limitation of this study are time finance and scarcity of research materials. The first constraint is time. Time limited an indebt study since there is a limited period of time to complete the study coupled with other academic work within the academic year. The second constraint is finance. Finance was a problem in covering the entire Naze. This led to the use of stratified random sampling method in order to cover the entire study area. Finally, the scarcity of research material and the attitude of some respondents towards the request of the needed information is also a constraint. 1.9 Significance of the Study This study is going to provide the residence of Naze with an insight on their sanitation state. it is also going to educate the residence about the environmental health implication of improper sanitation. In the academic sector, it is hoped that this study with add to existing knowledge on sanitation and environmental health and hence form a reliable source of reference material for others who might wish to use the findings and recommendation as the bases for their further research it will also give governmental and non-governmental bodies an insight of the sanitation and environmental health status of Naze which is necessary for further planning and budgeting. Finally, it recommendations proffered were adopted ailment as a result of poor sanitation will be greatly minimized. 1.10 Study Area Naze is a town in southeastern Nigeria, 408km south of Abuja, the country capital. It is located in Owerri north local government area of Imo State. Naze is made up of six villages, Umuche, Ezeakin, Umuasu, Umuezolo, Okpuala and Umuakali. The market is NkwoNaze, hitherto known as Amara-Isu where traders from hinter lands (Isimas) came to see civil society. Today, Naze is regarded for its farmers, market, vegetables stands and large churches. The people of Naze embraced western education early on and two mission schools, St Jude’s Catholic School and St John’s Anglican were established in the 19th and early 20th century. 1.11 The Study Design This study is focused basically on the environmental health effect of sanitation in Naze, Imo State by assessing the sanitation facilities and health status of the study. This work is going to be a five-chapter work. Chapter one discusses the introduction, statement of problem, aims and objectives, the research question and hypothesis, the theoretical frame work, scope of the study significant of the study, limitations of the study and study area. The second chapter discusses the review of related literature. The third chapter is the methodology that encompassed amongst other thing data needs, source of analysis, chapter four basically has to do with the data presentation, result and analysis of the findings. Finally, the fifth chapter discussed the summary, recommendation and conclusion. Geographical scope Fig 1.1: Map of Imo state Fig 1.2: Map of Naze community in Imo state CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW This section reviews related works on environmental health and poor sanitation practices as it relates to water home disease due to poor sanitation practice. These are discussed under the following subheadings. ▪ Components of environmental sanitation ▪ Environmental health and sanitation in Africa ▪ Environmental health and sanitation in Nigeria ▪ Housing quality and facilities in Nigeria ▪ Hazards associated with poor environmental sanitation ▪ Activities that negate environmental sanitation ▪ Activities that promote environmental sanitation 2.1 Concept of Sanitation and Environmental Health The word sanitation” refers to the maintenance of hygienic conditions through services such as garbage collection and waste water disposal the word “sanitation” entered the English language in the nineteenth century, and the term is inextricably linked with integrated water and sewer system. Sanitation includes the appropriate disposal of human and industrial wastes and the protection of the water sources. World health organization states that “sanitation” generally refers to the provision of facilities and service for the safe disposal of human urine and faces. According to Saunders Veterinary dictionary sanitation is the establishment of conditions favorable to health especially with respect to infectious disease. However, looking at environment sanitation various authorities have given various definitions on environmental sanitation. Ogbalu (2002) defined environmental sanitation as the process of taming the environment so that it no longer constitutes to hazard to man. Agreeing with him, Lucas and Gilles (2001) described environmental sanitation as attempt at reducing the hazardous and hostile element in the environment, example by minimizing environmental pollution of all types. In the same vein, world health organization export committee on environmental sanitation Ogbalu (2002) defined environmental sanitation as the control of all these factors in man’s physical environment which exercise or may exercise deleterious effect on his physical development, health and sanitation as the principles and practice of effecting healthful and hygienic conditions in the environmental to promote health and welfare, improve quality of life, reduce poverty and ensure a sustainable environment. World health organization (2008) observed that for one to enjoy good health, his surrounding must be safe and healthy. Federal ministry of health (2015). Informed that a healthy environment is an environment that can guarantee man’s physical, mental, emotional and social well-being. According to federal ministry of environment (2015) environmental sanitation has remained consistently poor in Nigeria for a long time consequently there is high morbidity and mortality from sanitation related diseases. This situation is applicable to most developing countries of the world and a threat to global health model included well known indicators of life expectancy, mortality, morbidity, fertility as well as well as data on nutrition, sanitation and life style behaviours. According to Ugwu (2012) a cursory look at environmental sanitation in many parts of the world showed a striking similarity. These similarities included the effect of poverty, ignorance and under-development. Continuing, he maintained that it is not possible to find a common solution to these similarities due to differences in our culture, our tradition, our political system and also our economies. A master plan may be possible from which every nation or government can devise plans pertinent to their local needs. Kazaure (2012) noted that Nigeria recognized the importance of environmental sanitation as an effective tool in health and economic improvement. It is in recognition of this and the scope and dimension of work involved that the distribution of powers of food sanitation in Nigeria has been shown to play a significant role in the a etiology of food poisoning bacterial include raw food materials, food handlers and environment that are unclean. Records from federal ministry of health showed that every year about six hundred from thousand (600,00) episodes of diarrhea occur in children under the age of five similarly, there have been increasing number of cases of food borne disease over the years. In there were 3,173, 12,716, and 22,525 cases of cholera, food poisoning and typhoid/paratyphoid fever respectively. In 1998, the cases were 9,254,324,411 and 68,846 respectively. According to WHO (2011) food sanitation concerns the use of equipment and systems to keep food and food places clean and healthy especially by removing human waste. Ogbalu (2002) informed that food (cooked and those meant to be eaten raw) should be protected from flies, dust, rats and cockroaches. In the work of F.M.E (2005) it was noted with sadness that a large percentage of the poor go hungry and for the percentage of these that have food, its unwholesomeness is questionable. Oftentimes, food meant for sale and human consumption are displayed in open containers, thereby exposing food to the over ready opportunity of contamination by dust, files, bacteria, virus and other micro-organisms. Accordingto F.M.OH. (2013) must food handlers and not aware handily food of the sound public health advice of routinely washing their hands before handling food and after using the toilet. Most are not also routinely screened for certain serious communicable infections which can easily be transmitted through contamination of the food they prepared for sale and human consumption. The food they prepared for sale and human consumption. The activities of the municipal food vendors contribute significantly to the fifty environments as they discard wastes discriminately. Sanitary inspection of premises Olanipekun (2003) described sanitary inspection premises as a careful examination of a building and the land near it with a view to determining the availability of equipment, facilities, services and devices needed for healthful living. F.M.E (2005) observed that environmental sanitation problem are made more acute by rapid urbanization and uncontrolled population growth without commensurate expansions in sanitary facilities consequently, slum/sharties have emerged in city fringes where shelters are provided in place of house. These slums with poor housing are prominent features in our environment, particularly in cities and large towns due to poor implementation of town planning laws, poor land use control, rapid spatial expansion of settlements and inadequate of infrastructure and services. According to F.M.O.H (2015) the objective of the inspection is to detect nuisance and proffer solution on how this nuisance can be abated so as to conform to the following basic requirements of a good house: ▪ Satisfactory lighting and ventilation ▪ Adequate potable water supply ▪ Adequate sanitary facilities such as bathroom toilet, kitchen store etc. ▪ Adequate refuse collection and disposal facilities ▪ Separate rooms for living and sleeping which should meet the recommended air space capacity prescribed by the law of health authority. ▪ Adequate open space for in creational activities and relaxation for mental stimulation . ▪ Adequate space to show free circulation of fresh air separate rooms for both children of different sexes that are above 10 years of age. ▪ Management of urban drainage ▪ Control of reared and stray animals ▪ Disposal of the dead ▪ Hygiene education and promotion ▪ Solid and medical waste management. Osuocha, (2007) indicated that refuse anywhere in Nigeria constitutes about 70% bride gradable content and 30% no bio-degradable content and should therefore be easier to handle. Ogbalu (2004) observed that owing to inadequate planning and budgeting, heaps of refuse are commonly found decomposing on the streets to at designated communal collection points. According to Ogbalu, other problem of social waste management in Nigeria include improper institutional framework, multiplicity of agencies for solid waste management and the conflicts arising there from. In the work of fime (2013) it was observed that solid waste management is at the lowest ebb in most towns and communities. Most cities and for-urban centers, refuse heaps are left unattended to and where the local government authorities do the collection, it is often irregular and sporadic the recycling of waste is negligible while methods of storage, collection transportation and final disposal are very unsatisfactory. According to Sridhar (2002). Some waste material are toxic, others are either non-biodegradable or not readily degradable such as sachet water and polythene shopping bags. Continuing he included various type of industrial/chemical waste that can contaminate soil and ground water sources If not properly disposed of as harmful. Another class concerns wastes from health institutions/facilities. They contain infectious/hazardous material that pose potential hazard to human and health when improperly disposed of such pose major threat to refuse collectors and scavengers and result in infections such as hepatitis and tetanus he concluded. Sewage management WHO (2010) reported that globally, every day, about 500million kg of human faces are generated in urban area and about 600million kg in rural area producing a total of over one million tons per day. Most of the bio degradable organic material is disposal of with substances that are highly dangerous to human health the report also showed that in developing countries like Nigeria a small proportion of the total population, very roughly 10% and mainly urban, has access to sewerage system and a slightly larger proportion very roughly 20% has some types of onsite sanitation facility. The vast majority about [65%] of the people in developing countries do not have appropriate sanitation system in the work of F.M.E (2015) it was observed that access to basic sanitary faculties in Nigeria is particularly poor. In the urban centers and sludge into the public drains. According to the 2003 Nigeria demographic and health survey (N.D.H.S) 10% of the urban population have no toilet facilities of any, whilst 61.1% use pit latrines and 28.7% use flush toilets. Rural areas are even less served. The 2003 NDHS also indicated that 34.1% of rural households have no toilet facilities at all and as a result, make use of bushes and rivers open defecation and urination are common practices everywhere. In the peri-urban centers, children as well as adults defecate indiscriminately at dump sites, gutters or any available open space in the late hours of the evening and early hours of the morning. These insanitary methods of excreta and sewage management have tremendous untoward effects the health of public and the environment. Food Sanitation F.M.E (2018) observed that the poor state and responsibilities for environmental management has been assigned to various ministries and agencies of government (F.E.P.A 1990). However the federal ministry of environment (F.M.E). It also transferred some of the relevant departments units of some federal ministries performing services and functions that boarder on environmental management and other environmental related area to constitute the new ministry. In addition, the federal environmental protection agency (FEPA) was absorbed and its statutory functions taken over by the new ministry of environment, the approved structure of the federal ministry of environment consists of an eight departmental structure published by the presidency ref no pres/81 of February 15, 2000. F.M.E (2013) published a policy guideline on environmental sanitation. As observed by anyaeji (2005) environmental sanitation would promote the protection of human environment, if adequately and religiously implemented at out levels of governments. Environmental health which is a branch of public health is concerned with all the aspect of the natural and built environment that may affect human has being defined by world health organization (WHO) as the aspect of human health and disease that are determined by factors in the environmental health addresses all the physical, chemical and biological factors external to a person and all the related factors impacting behavior’s. It thus encompasses the assessment and control of these factors that can potentially affect health. Environmental health target towards preventing disease and creating health. Supportive environment. Environmental health should not be confused with environmental protection, environmental health is concerned with protecting both the natural and built environment for the benefit of human health, whereas environmental protection is concerned with protecting the natural environment mainly for the benefit of the ecosystem. In view of maintaining an adequate and sustainable environmental health standards, there is need to carryout cleanliness activities of the environment and always maintain environmental friendly actions towards the environment. Waste is an inevitable factor in human existence, therefore progress in sanitation and improved health but many people still have no adequate means of appropriately disposing of their waste. Poorly controlled waste always means daily exposure to an unpleasant environment. This fact is obvious in some part of the world such as Asia, Africa Latin, American and other developing and under developed countries of the world. 2.2 components of Environmental Sanitation The national council on environment in Nigeria in 2004 made a policy declaration that Nigeria in committed to protecting its environment. It also proposed a natural environmental sanitation policy. The policy came into being in 2005. According to the federal government of Nigeria (2005) the national environment sanitation policy is an integral part of the overall national development strategy. The policy document as published by the federal ministry. The essential components of environmental sanitation as containers in the document are as follows:- ▪ Solid Waste Management ▪ Medical Waste Management ▪ Sewage Management ▪ Food Sanitation ▪ Sanitary inspection of premises ▪ Market and abattoir sanitation ▪ Adequate potable water supply ▪ School sanitation ▪ Pest and Vector control ▪ The house must be designed and built with good materials as to prevent home accident due to collapse of any part of the buildings. Market and abattoir Sanitation In the work of F.M.E (2005). It was asserted that markets and abattoirs are built without proper layouts and where such layouts exist, they have been distorted. Besides, provision of adequate water supply, proper drainage and waste disposal facilities are lacking. Transportation of animal meat from abattoir in passenger vehicles or motorcycles is a common practice in most towns and cities. The study further revealed that contamination could occur during transportation especially white using public transport vehicles. It is also common practice to see animal meat harked on the streets. These practices expose animal meat to contaminants such as dust flies and other pathogens in the environment. According to Okoye (2006) public slaughter houses that fall short of expected health standard are very likely to be breading grounds for various endemic diseases. Adequate pitiable water supply Water is essential ingredient for the substance of life water in poor quality and inadequate quantity continues to pose a major threat to human health. Conversely, human development and population growth exert many diverse pressures on the quality and quantity of water resource and on access to it, the coverage of water supply facilities to the populace is skill inadequate. It is a common phenomenon to see long queues of Jerry cans and buckets in the cities especially during the dry season. According to Nigeria. Demographic and health survey (2006), 65% of the urban population has access to safe sources of drinking water while about 70% of the rural population depends mainly on unsafe sources such as open wells, river, stream etc. for drinking. In areas, which are served by public water supply, the white sameness of the water is sometimes not guaranteed because of poor maintenance of pipes, which are prone to content lack ages, with stoppage of contaminants. Unwholesome, water plays significant role in the aetiology of water borne diseases such as cholera, typhoid and paratyphoid fevers. F.M.O.H asserted that an inverse relationship has been observed to exist between hand washing and diarrhea increased frequency of hand washing after using the toilet and before handling food, substantially decreases the occurrence of diarrhea especially in young children. The proximity of water also plays an important role in maintaining good personal hygiene and reducing the incidence of diarrhea and skin diseases. According to Kofi Anam, as cited by federal ministry of environment (2005) access to safe water is a fundamental human need and therefore a basic human right. Contaminated water jeopardized both the physical and social health of people. It is an affront to human a=dignity he maintained. School Sanitation According to F.M.E (2005) the standard of school sanitation is very poor public schools lack water to flush the water closet systems and this often leads to defecation. In classroom corners by pupils. In other instances, where sanitary facilities are provided, pupils sometimes vandalize them. Often time, the poor designs had material used for building schools sometimes render the environment unconducive for leaning especially during extreme weather conditions. These factors have serious health implications with attendant social and economic consequences including school absenteeism. In the work of Okafor (2000) he noted that provision of adequate sanitation facilities in schools is an aspect of school health programme under the healthful school living. Pest and Vector Control F.M.E (2013) Observed that vector borne diseases constitute major problems in Nigeria. Malaria, a highly endemic vector borne disease, remains one of the five leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children below the age of five years and pregnant woman. It also accounts for remarkable economic loss thus contributing significantly to poverty and under development. An estimated 50% of 120 million populations experience at least one acute episode each year. F.M.O.H (2015). Malaria along with other important endemic victor borne disease such as filariases, schistosomiasis, yellow fever and trypanosomiasis has remarkable social, economic and political implications. While there spread is often enhanced by factors such as population growth urbanization, the opening up of previously sparsely inhabited area for development protect, to migrants, refugees and conflicts; previous efforts to control them with massive and widespread use of chemical (pesticides) have had serious consequence on the quality of the environment (F.M.O.H 1998) Annually, agricultural pests destroy up to 50% of crops especially grains and cereals, vegetables fruits and livestock before and after harvest. This massive destruction contributes to poverty, poor nutrition starvation and food insecurity. Other pests such as venomous sakesedriscarinustisocelatus, contribute to significant morbidity and mortality. The multimammate cat transmits lass a fever, a fetal epidemic disease (F.M.E 2005). Management of Urban Drainage System In the work of F.M.E (2013) it was expressed that poor surface drainage in urban areas leads to stagnant pools where mosquitoes and other disease carrying vectors breed. The high prevalence of disease such as malaria in many towns and cities partly results from poor drainage maintenance system. Often in towns and cities, public drains are used as substitutes for toilets and waste disposal facilities. This causes blockage of the drain and is usually responsible for environmental problem such as flooding erosion and landslide, which destroy homes built on marginal land and caused major damage to public infrastructure. Pollution of underground water source my also occur thus posing technical difficulty and increasing the cost of providing potable water supplies. Control of reared and stay animals Animals are part of man’s biological environment. A variety of animals are raised in agricultural, domestic, commercial and other setting with battle or no government regulation (F.M.E, 2005). IN MOST urban centers, occupants in multi flat apartment rear all sorts of animals in violation of public health laws. In most rural areas, animals have common places while they stroll in and out between man and animals. Vogt of the animals are reared in filthy, unhygienic conditions. Some of these animals are reservoir hosts to a number of zoometric diseases and aid the transmission of anthrax, bridellosis, rabies, leptospirosis hylated disease air borne tuberculosis etc. Most animals seem around are supposedly reared. However, there is no proper supervision so they ream about littering the environment with their faecal matter and causing visual blight as well as being involved in massive destructions of farm land produce. Disposed of the dead F.M.E (2013) noted this as a very important aspect of sanitation as it could be worrisome if not property done. The disposal of the dead is usually hanged on a number of beliefs including religious and cultural. It informed that improper disposal of the dead could portend serious health implication if the dead are left unattended to. It is not uncommon to see animal carcasses and remains of destitute and accident victims left unattended to the streets for days and even weeks. Very often decay in disposal of dead bodies has to do with role conflict between the police and the health authorities on one hand and the release of fund on the other hand. These animals carcass and bodies when left unattended to, often decompose and create odor nuisances, encourage the spread of diseases through vectors and other vermin and also could contaminate soul and underground water. The human dead are usually taken care of by loved ones. However, in times of disasters/crises, there may be a lot of the dead to be buried and thus requires special care by the sanitation authorities to act untoward consequences the burial of the dead in approved cemeteries should be encouraged while burial within human habitation should be discouraged given due regards to cultural and religious beliefs. Disease e.g. cholera, typhoid, diarrhea, malaria etc. have become a source of embarrassment to government it is a known fact that a dirty environment with its attendant health consequences that prevails in most of our cities could scare away tourists and investors. The world health organization (WHO) is also concerned about poor sanitation in members countries. In a resolution by the regional committee for Africa during the forty-third session stated in its incumbent Afr (rc43) rs of 7th September 1993, that it is expedient to affirm that promotion and protection of human health and of the environment both of which are necessary for sustainable development. Sewage Management According to F.M.E (2005) human faeces frequently contain a wide range of disease causing organisms including viruses, bacteria and eggs or larvae of human parasites. Many of these organisms are transmissible to people through house flies, contaminated hands, food and wear, eating and cooking utensils and by direct contact with contaminated objects. Infection such as diarrhea, cholera and typhoid that account for significant morbidity and mortality in developing countries including Nigeria are spread. In this way some others for example look warm and ship warm are transmitted through contact with soil contaminated with faeces and may spread very rapidly where open defection is common and people walk bare foot. Hookworm and whipworm contribute significantly to low blood count and thereby render people more susceptible to other diseases. In area where intestinal schistrasomiasis is endemic contamination of this disease is through contamination of fresh with bodies with urine of infected persons. Incidentally, urinary schistosomiasis is endemic in many communities in Nigeria (Lucas and Culles, 1998). Access to basic sanitary faculties particularly poor. It has been observed that, in urban centers, some households with water carriage system pipe the raw sewage into public drains (Federal ministry of government 2005). A use flush to let rural areas are even less served. The 2003 N.D.H.S also indicated that about one third of rural households have no toilets facilities at all and as a result make use of bushes and rivers. Open defecation is a common practice and the rural areas. In the peri-urban centers, children as well as adults defecate indiscriminately at dump sites gutters or any available open space in the late hours of the evening and early hours of the morning. The above statistics are especially sobering as they imply that a large number of people urinate and defecate in open spaces, with serious health implications is densely populated urban and peri-urban settlement. Market and abattoir Sanitation F.M.E (2005) observed that poor market and abattoir sanitation lead to accumulation of waste in the markets and abattoirs. Heaps of such refuse provide excellent breeding grounds for vectors of communicable diseases including rodents, insects etc. They are pose fire hazards apart from been eyesores and source of bad odor very frequently refuse dumped in drainage or camels and along water courses block them resulting in flooding. Gross inadequate provision of sanitary facilities such as potable water, toilet bathrooms and refuse disposal bays lead to open defecation and urinations and contamination of environment which contribute to environmental degradation in the market and abattoir. Lack of suitable transports expose food and meat to contaminants such as just, flies and other pathogens in the environment. Also lack of necessary tools and equipment for anti and post mortem inspections of animals expose abattoir workers unduly to zootomic infections. The proliferation of private slaughter houses poses serious dangers to the general public. In these places, there are usually no facilities for waste management and water supply. In addition, the slobs are frequently located with welling sanitation poor housing quality and lack of proper waste disposal (Oguntoke, Abdlerin and Banloole, 2009). Housing Quality and Sanitary Facilities in Nigeria Housing quality survey (H.O.S) farm was used to capture basic deficiencies with respect to water supply means of sewage disposal toilet facilities, bathing facilities, electrical supply, ventilation facilities safety, susceptibility to weather and degree of occupancy. The study showed that about 72% of the houses surveyed are classified as for human inhabitation (Coker, Olomobaye, Awokola 2007). It also showed that over 70% of Nigerians are living in an accommodation, and since quality housing is a function of diseases, it implies that over 70% Nigerians are prone to environmental related diseases due to poor housing (Coker Olomoliage 2007 poor housing and sanitation have contributed to increase of means les incidence in Nigeria (Muruba and Muruka 2007) in Nigeria very battle or no attention is given to the provision of quality toilet and bathroom facilities (Owoye 2005) federal ministry of environment observed that environmental sanitation problems are made more acute by rapid urbanization and uncontrolled population growth without commensurate expansion in sanitary facilities. Hazards associated with poor environment sanitation Different hazards associated with environmental sanitation are discussed under the different components of environmental sanitation. Sanitary Inspection of Premises According to Obronu the strking features of poor, sanitary inspection of premises include: Over-crowding and diseases associated with overcrowding and respiratory diseases pneumonia, bronchitis, tuberculosis, cerebrospinal meningitis etc). Lack of basic sanitation leading to pastor intestinal infection example diarrhea, dysentery and infective hepatitis etc. • With which attracts flies, lice flea, bugs, mites, mosquitoes and rodents all of which will transmit a variety of disease. • Behavioral disorders, nervous irritability, bad temper and mental unrest associated with homes lacking psychological needs. According to Lucas and Gilles (2006) accidents and injuries from falls, electricity, excusive noise and poor lighting resulting from bad designs of houses could be detected and abated during sanitary inspection of premises. To emphasize the need for this component, the national council on health during its meeting in jps in 1994 recommended that all states in the federation should reintroduce house to house inspection. (Sanitary Inspection of premises) in all local government areas as a means of raising the level of environmental sanitation throughout the country. This call was further reinforced by the national council on environment, which also recommended during its meeting in Kano and Ilorin in September 2000 and December 2003 respectively the reintroduction of house to house sanitary inspection in all to local government areas of the federation solid waste management. According to F.M.E the alarming rate at which heaps of solid wastes occupy, most of our cities, coupled with the fact that 87% of Nigerians use methods adjusted as insanitary, has not only constituted visual blight and odor nuisance, but also unchanged the breeding of rodents, mosquitoes and other pests of public health importance with the attendant outbreak of disease. Poor provision of facilities used for solid waste collection and disposal encourage improper disposal of solid waste. For example that men and women in markets and motor parts often dispose of the solid waste into public drain is due largely to lack of refuse facilities and improper use of drain and other outlets provided. The stagnant water in the blocked drains serves as breeding sites for mosquitoes. The high incidence of improper waste management refuted weed and vegetation control. Weeds usually grow in unattended place especially in the surrounding of homes, public place, violent plots and major highways. ThurConcentra’s presence around homes provides harborage to dangerous reptiles, which may be harmful to man F.M.O.H. On the highways overgrown weeds have been known to provide harborage and cover for armed robbers and this puts the life of the in suspecting and users at risk. The weeds also reduce the with of the roods and often obstruct the vision of materials, thus contributing to high rate of motor accidents (F.M.E 2003). The overgrown weeds and wild vegetation need the collective efforts of the government especially the federal ministry of works (Federal road maintenance agency) state and local governments as well as the community to regularly control their growth and spread. Hygiene Education and Promotion Hygiene education and promotion were well practiced in the post. But over the fears, promotion of hygiene declined such that it is as longer given the attention it deserves (F.M.E, 2015). This has culminated in erosion of the past gains and an emergence of unhygienic practices. Lucas and Gilles (2006) stated that hygiene education and promotion early in life remains pivotal to the success of sound environmental sanitation as it entrenches the doctrine of optimum hygiene practices from childhood, which can be sustained through life positive behavioral and attitudinal changes are the piller on which sanitation practices can be built and the framework for this, can only be achieved through sound hygiene education and promotion. 2.3 Environmental Health and Sanitation in Africa Environment plays an important role in human development and health. Researchers have linked exposures to some environmental heard with specific disease. About one quarter of the global disease and one third of that in developing notion could be reduced through available environmental sanitation intervention and strategies (WHO, 2010). Unsafe drinking water, indoor and outdoor air pollution unhygienic or unsafe food, poor environmental sanitation. Inadequate refuse disposal absence or unsafe vector control have being identified as key environmental risk to human health in sub. Africa (WHO and UNEP 2008/25% of all deaths in developing nations were attributed to environmental cause. (WHO, 2006). In 2002 alone, 23% of deaths in Africa were attributed to environmental risk factor (WHO, 2006). In the same year, 1.03 million deaths in Africa were linked to inadequate water supply sanitation and hygiene, 550,000 deaths were attributed to unsafe drinking water (WHO, 2008). 2.4 Environmental Health and Sanitation in Nigeria The public world-wide has become acutely active arocure that health and life sustainability are put at risk with the present level of poor sanitary condition of the environment some of the work dumps around possesses extremely toxic and hazardous, which through there indiscriminate dumping have brought about the death of livestock environmental pollution and an increased number of that this caused ill-health and epidemic of disease which in some cases has lead to loss of human life. A potential serious risk to human health is the contamination of water supply source. The problem has how become more peculiar in Nigeria where policy for physical development and developmental control are merely on paper without being implemented. (Omole, 2003). Also the inadequate sanitary, unsafe drinking water and lack of refuse disposal facilities and congestion of building and people are common features in Nigeria (WSMP, 2008). Environmental health problems are one of the major causes of death and illness in developing nations like Nigeria and this problem both children and adult. (USID 2011). According to USAID 2011). Environmental health problems are largely caused by unsafe water inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene. Environmental relates water borne diseases such as diarrhea, malaria, typhoid has persisted to Nigeria due to unsafe drinking water, poor environmental houses where the chances of contaminating domestic underground sources of water supply are high. Pests and Disease Vector Control Pests and disease vectors constitute serious hazard to public health food security and general welfare of the citizen of Nigeria. It is estimated that agricultural pest destroy about 50% of crops fruits, trammental plants, vegetables and livestock annually (F.M.E, 2006). Household pests also destroy property such as furniture items, clothing, books etc. Estimated cost of damage coursed by pest runs. In to millions of run annually. Vectors transmit several diseases of health important investigate malaria which is transmitted by the anopheles mosquitoes is responsible for considerable morbidity particularly among less than 5 years and pregnant women. Onchocucosis (River blindness) transmitted by black flies is responsible for the high incidence of blindness in most rural and remote arrears of Nigeria. The disease has resulted in depopulation of many fertile farming sicars thus contributing significantly by food insecurity and poverty. Cassa fever and yellow transmitted by mnatalenesis (rates) adaedes misquotes respectively have been reported to occur in epidemic proportions in some parts of Nigeria (Lucas and Gilles, 1998). School sanitation Environmental sanitation in school when generally poor points to absence of potable water, in-adequate waste disposal facilities in adequate lyhiting and ventilation, overcrowding. School buildings that are dilapidating, molding and unkempt environment had overgrownwith weeds pose many dangers, to school children and their teachers. Many food vendors provide meals and snacks without been screened and medically certificated to do so. Such meals are unwholesome and could present serious health hazard to the school population. Most childhood illness like meoles, malaria diarrheal disease, malnutrition etc are directly linked to filthy environmental conditions and prevalence of injuries and accidents in school are also linked to hazardous conditions in the environment (F.M.O.H, 1998). A healthy conducive school environment promotes learning and academic excellence by preventing school absenteeism due to illnesses and due helps the school child to benefit maximally from educational programmes (Okafor 2009). Food Sanitation There are many hazards associated with poor sanitation in the country top most among these hazards is the significant role it plays in theractiology of food borne disease. Records from the Federal ministry of environment (2015) showed that every year, about six hundred thousand (600.000) episodes of diarrhea occur in children under the age five. Similarly, there has been increasing number of cases of food borne disease over the years. In there was 3,173 12,716 and 22,525 cases of cholera food poisoning and typhoid/paratyphoid fever respectively. In 1998 the cases were 9,254,32,411 and 68,846 respectively and by 2001 cholera and typhoid cases have further increased to 10,294 and 73,949 cases respectively. Disposal of the dead Although disposal of the death is usually hunted on a number of beliefs including religious and cultural. However, improper disposal of the dead could have serious health implication for instance improper disposal of the dead could lead to the spread of the deadly Ebola virus. According to channels TV, when a person with Ebola virus dies the virus doesn’t die with it so when Ebola virus patients dies and is dispose improperly it can lead to the spread of the virus. Through, human dead bodies are usually taken care of by loved ones. However, in times of disasters/crises, there may be a lot of the dead to be buried and this required special care by the sanitation authorities to act untoward consequences. The burial of the dead in approved cemeteries should be discouraged given due regards to cultural and regions beliefs. 2.6 Activities that Negate Environmental Sanitation F.M.E (2013) noted that in ensuring the national policy, cognizance shall take of the essential critical factors which are expedient in the identification and implementation of the strategies for the attainment of sound environmental sanitation. Some of those factors which if not applied properly negate implementation of environmental sanitation include: ❖ Political will (commitment activity continuity practice management) ❖ Appropriate institutional arrangement (will defined roles among ministers and agencies at the three tiers of government and adequate staffing) ❖ Increased stakeholders participation (external support agencies, civil society organizations, private sectors etc) ❖ Policy enactment and enabling environment (legal backing, enforcement mechanism, good governance, political stability, incentives) ❖ Increasing private sector participial (commercialization and privatization). ❖ Adequate sustainable and timely funding for components implementation ❖ Accountability to stern corruption ❖ Use of appropriate adaptable local environment friendly technologies ❖ Socio-cultural practices of the Nigeria population ❖ Role of woman youth and children in environmental sanitation ❖ Special considerations to be given to the underserved urban poor residents of small towns and rural population 2.7 Activities that Promote Environmental Sanitation F.M.E (2015) enlisted such activities that promote environmental sanitation to include: ❖ Advocacy through sensitization and mobilization of all stakeholders at all tiers of government ❖ Declaration of annual national environmental sanitation day ❖ Reviews of school curricular on hygiene education to include environmental sanitation ❖ To introduce and enforce the use of environment friendly packaging materials. ❖ Encourage the establishment of neighborhood environmental sanitation committees. ❖ Develop appropriate information, education and communication (I.E.C) packages for target groups ❖ Institutionalize sound environmental sanitation consciousness as a life style. ❖ Strict enforcement of environmental sanitation laws and penalizes defaulters so as to deter other citizens ❖ Create enabling environment to facilitate behaviouralchang. 2.8 Summary of Literature Globally, 946 million people still open defecate (9 out of 10m lives in rural area), 2.4 billion people lack access to basic water sources, and diarrhea is the second leading cause of death in children under five months much of which is preventable by clean water and sanitation (WHO/UNICEF jmp, 2015, WO, 2017). Sanitation is one of the most important aspect of community well-being because it protects human health, extends life span, and is documented to provide benefits to the economy (eg toilets, latrine, mechanized water waste treatment) is currently deployed as a way to contain and or treat human (and in some case grey water) to protect human health and the environment including water bodies that are source for drinking water. Therefore the 2015 united nations (UN) sustainable development goal (SDG) 6 for 2030 aims to achieve equitable access to safely managed water and adequate sanitation for all and open defection achieving universal and equitable sanitation for all will require access to information and data on pathogens and sanitation technologies and a network of community members. Accordingly, the chapter provides important context and an introduction to the importance of sanitation and includes sections one Global sanitation- statistics’ and international goals The relationship between sanitation and disease The economic value of sanitation Appropriate and low-cost sanitation CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN This chapter focuses on the methodology of the various method of data collection. It specifically spells out the research design through which methods are based on the sampling techniques and sizes were also highlighted. For simplicity sake and comprehension, this chapter is discussed under the following sub- headings ❖ Research design ❖ Data needs and sources of data ❖ Sampling frame size ❖ Viability of data ❖ Instrument for data collection ❖ Method of data collection ❖ Method of data analysis ❖ Method of data presentation 3.1 Research Design Questionnaire survey design was used for this study questionnaire survey research design is one in which a group of people or items is studied by collecting and analyzing data from only a few people or items considered to be representative of the entire group. 3.2 Data needs and source Both primary and secondary data were used in the research work. Data for the study were collected from primary sources which is basically questionnaire administration to the residence of Owerri, Imo state. The data needs of the problems under investigation include the sanitation challenges and health implication. The questionnaire was administered to gather data needed to answer part of the hypothetical question posed in the research work. The secondary data were sourced through library research, review of related literature, textbooks, journals and works in the internet. Also population statistics were acquired from national population commission (NPC), imo state. However, major information was gathered through the questionnaire. 3.3 Sample Size The population of Owerri according to NPC (2011) is 611,000. The sample size was randomly collected because it was practically impossible for the resource at his disposal. Therefore sample was taken using stratified random sampling technique. The population of owerri according to NPC 2011-03-21, is 611,000 3.4 Instrument for data collection This study was conducted between June and October 2015. The method of data collection was basically through questionnaire Questionnaire: One hundred and twenty questionnaires were administered in all the questionnaire for data collected was divided into three sections. Section A was structured to elicit information on the respondent personal data as a means of providing background information on the suitability of the respondents of the study it includes variable such as sex, educational attainment, and marital status etc. Section B concentrated on eliciting information on the sanitation facilities while section C highlighted the relationship between sanitation and disease. The questionnaires were collected promptly from each individual it was given to after it has been answered. 3.5 Validation of the Instrument The questionnaire was validation as follows; the researcher submitted the instrument along with the topic of the study, the statement of the problem, purpose of the study, the research questions and the hypotheses to researcher’s supervisor who examined it made some constructive contribution and approved of it as having. 3.6 Method of Data Collection The procedure for data collection involved the administering of structured questionnaire to the sample size. However, one hundred and fifty questionnaires were shared using stratified random sampling technique. Moreover, the data collection also involves personal observations. 3.7 Method of data analysis Descriptive statistical tools such as frequency table mean and percentage were used to analyze the data obtained from the questionnaire. Independent t-test was used to test for the second hypothesis and linear regressions were used to test for the first hypothesis. However S.P.S.S (version 20.00) 3.8 Method of Data Presentation This encompasses a summary of the material in tabular form the reduction of mass details to a manageable proportion as well as the interpretation and presentation of result. Tables were used so that the attributes under study might be seen and understood at a glance. CHAPTER FOUR DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS This chapter focuses on the presentation of data in a tabular form and an in-depth analysis of the data with the use of descriptive. It proudest answer to the research questions formulated for testing the hypothesis for the study, t-test for hypothesis two and linear regression for hypothesis one. Out of the total of one hundred and fifty copies of questionnaire that were administered for the purpose of gathering information one hundred were correctly filled and appropriate for data analysis. Based on the information received from the questionnaires, an attempt is made to find out the environmental health effect of sanitation in Naze. 4.1 Response to Questionnaire Information collected from the questionnaire was used in this study. The 150 questionnaire that were recovered from respondents now form the data for analysis, the percentage constituent of returned questionnaire is 50%. This implies that whatever deductions made from analyzing this number will be deem to the applicable and appropriate for this study since the non-returned copies of questionnaire 50% constitute a negligible number to the total questionnaire administered. 4.2 Data Presentations and Analysis Table 4.1: Gender GENDER. FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE. CUMULATIVE PERCENTAGE MALE. 68. 45.3. 45.3 FEMALE. 82. 54.6. 100 TOTAL. 150. 100. Table 4.2: Age Distribution AGE. FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE. CUMULATIVE PERCENTAGE 18-25. 61. 40.6. 40.6 26-29. 35. 23.3. 63.9 30-39. 24. 16. 79.9 40-49. 18. 12. 91.9 50 and above. 12. 8. 100 Total. 150. 100 Table 4.3: Marital Status MARITAL STATUS. FREQUENCY. PERCENT. CUMULATIVE PERCENT SINGLE. 84. 56.0. 56.0 MARRIED. 35. 23.3. 79.3 WIDOW. 20. 13.3. 92.6 WIDOWER. 11. 7.33. 100 TOTAL. 150. 100 Table 4.4: Household Size HOUSEHOLD FREQUENCY. PERCENT. CUMULATIVE PERCENT 1-5. 56. 37.3. 37.3 6-10. 74. 49.3. 86.6 11 & above. 20. 13.3. 100 Total. 150. 100 Table 4.5: Occupation OCCUPATION. FREQUENCY. PERCENT. CUMULATIVE PERCENT Civil service. 25. 16.6 16.6 Student. 57. 38.0 54.6 Trading. 68 45.3. 100 Total. 150. 100 Table 4.6: Education Attainment EDUCATION FREQUENCY. PERCENT. CUMULATIVE PERCENT ATTAINMENT Informal. 38. 25.3. 25.3 Primary. 40. 26.6. 52.1 Secondary. 45. 30.0. 82.1 Tertiary. 27. 18.0 100 Total. 150. 100 Table 4.7: Sanitation Challenges SANITATION CHALLENGES. FREQUENCY. PERCENT. CUMULATIVE PERCENT Open defecation. 86. 57.3. 57.3 Improper waste disposal. 53. 35.3. 92.6 Improper refuse dump. 11. 7.33. 100 Total. 150. 100 Table 4.8: Sanitation Facilities SANITATION FACILITIES. FREQUENCY. PERCENT. CUMULATIVE PERCENT Pour flush Latrine 27 18.0 18 VIP Latrine. 3 2.00 20 Water cistern . 33 22.0 42 Pit latrine. 85. 56.6. 98.6 Hand washing facility. 2. 1.33. 100 Total 150. 100 Table 4.9: Prevalence of Diseases PREVALENCE OF DISEASES . FREQUENCY. PERCENT. CUMULATIVE PERCENT Hepatitis. 6. 4.00. 4.00 Typhoid. 37.24.6. 28.6 Cholera. 8. 5.33. 33.9 Malaria. 72. 48.0. 81.9 Dysentery. 27 18.0 100 Total. 150. 100 Table 4.10: How often people fall ill HOW OFTEN PEOPLE FALL ILL FREQUENCY PERCENT. CUMULATIVE PERCENT Always. 48 32.0 32.0 Most times. 51. 34.0. 66.0 Sometimes. 36. 24.0. 90.0 Rarely. 12. 8.00. 98.0 Never. 3. 2.00. 100 Total. 150. 100. 4.3. Testing of hypothesis In this section, the hypothesis stated in this study is tested. All steps and rules taken for hypothesis test is followed. The hypothesis is tested at 0.05 level of significance, using t-test and regression analysis. The result below indicated that 40% variance on environmental health is explained by sanitation challenges with R= 64, R²= .46, F= (1,218)= 68.325, P