HYDROGEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF GROUNDWATER FROM SELECTED WELLS IN SHIYAR DAN MAJE (BAGUDO LGA), NORTHWESTERN NIGERIA

ABSTRACT Groundwater is the major source of potable water in SHIYAR DAN MAJE (Bagudo town), northwestern Nigeria, where surface water availability is limited. This study assesses the physicochemical characteristics and major anion concentrations of groundwater from ten sampling locations to determine its suitability for drinking and domestic purposes. Water samples were collected and analyzed using standard laboratory procedures. Physical parameters evaluated included pH, temperature, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS). Others include concentration of oxides like bicarbonate, carbonate, sulphate, phosphate, ammonium, chloride, and nitrate. Results show that TDS (285–1351 mg/L) and EC (570–2702 μS/cm) reflect. All samples recorded strongly acidic pH values ranging between 3.67 and 4.41, which are far below the WHO recommended standard. Major anions such as sulpate, chloride, phosphate, and nitrate occurred at low concentrations and within acceptable limits, indicating minimal industrial or agricultural contamination. In contrast, ammonium levels (0.6–7.0 mg/L) exceeded WHO permissible limits in all samples, suggesting organic or sewage contamination. The study concludes that despite acceptable mineral content, the elevated acidity and high ammonium levels render the groundwater unsuitable for direct consumption without treatment. Continuous monitoring and appropriate treatment measures are recommended to ensure public health protection in Bagudo and its environs. Keywords: Groundwater, Physicochemical Parameters, Major Anions, Water Quality, Sokoto Basin, Bagudo, WHO Standards, Contamination.