ASSESSING THE ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECT OF LOCAL INK (TAWADA) INFUSED WITH HONEY ON GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA (STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS)
Abstract
The search for effective antimicrobial agents against Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, has become increasingly important due to rising antibiotic resistance. This study investigated the antimicrobial potential of local ink infused with honey against Staphylococcus aureus. Agar well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods were employed to assess antimicrobial activity. Chloramphenicol served as a control antibiotic, while distilled water was the negative control. Unexpectedly, results showed no significant antimicrobial activity of local ink infused with honey against Staphylococcus aureus, with no zones of inhibition observed. The MIC values were also above 100 mg/mL, indicating limited antimicrobial effect. These findings suggest that local ink infused with honey may not be an effective antimicrobial agent against Staphylococcus aureus.
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