ROBOTIC SEED PLANTER

ABSTRACT The robotic seed planter presents an innovative and practical solution to the challenges faced by smallholder farmers who depend on labor intensive manual sowing methods that often result in inconsistent spacing, irregular planting depths, and reduced crop yields. Designed as a low-cost, Bluetooth controlled system, the prototype integrates mechatronics, embedded systems, and IoT technologies to enable affordable mechanization. At its core, the ESP32 Devkit V1 microcontroller facilitates wireless communication with the Dabble mobile application while coordinating system functions, including locomotion via geared DC motors, soil penetration through a 12 V linear actuator supported by a VL53L0X depth sensor, and precise seed dispensing controlled by an MG996R servo motor. Power is supplied by a parallel-connected lithium-ion battery pack, regulated and boosted using an XL6009 converter to meet operational voltage requirements. Control algorithms programmed in C++ on the Arduino IDE ensure real-time responsiveness and system safety. Experimental testing under field like conditions verified consistent mobility, effective soil penetration, reliable seed release, and adequate power endurance across multiple operational cycles. By minimizing labor demands, enhancing planting uniformity, and reducing seed wastage, the system demonstrates the viability of low cost robotic automation for smallholder farms, contributing to sustainable agricultural practices and improved food security.