EVALUATION OF SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF SOIL HEAVY METALS IN KWARA STATE

Elements have an atomic density of more than 4g/cm3or 5 times or more than water is heavy metals, i.e. Nical (Ni), silver (Ag), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd). In these, some are essential, i.e. iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo) and Nical (Ni). Rapid increments in industry, agriculture, and urbanization produce non-degradable toxic materials, i.e. heavy metals. Heavy metals are also produced by natural resources but higher values reflect anthropogenic accumulation. Soil is one of the valuable, essential, non-regenerative resources. Many soil properties, i.e. pH, organic contents, ion exchange capacity, texture, microbial growth, microbial density or metabolic processes, are deteriorated by the heavy metals accumulation. Heavy metals are a non-degradable part of the soil environment. Soil remediation is necessary due to high productive pressure with food security concerns. Different Physico-chemical and biological practices are in practice to remediate the soil environment. Mainly use of amendments (liming material, organic contents and adequate fertilizer rate) and plants (phytoremediation and phytodegration) are the most economical cost-effective and environmentally well-sounded techniques for cleanup of the soil environment. Amendments help to reclaim the soil's Physicochemical properties, microbial community establishment and bond different heavy metals to reduce their mobility. Prevention of the entry of heavy metals into the food chain is a major goal of phyto remediation.