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Packet loss is a critical factor in evaluating the performance and reliability of computer networks, particularly in the context of anomaly detection. Effective assessment of packet loss can significantly improve the detection and mitigation of network anomalies, thereby enhancing overall network security and efficiency. This research focuses on the application and evaluation of supervised machine learning techniques such as Decision Trees, Random Forests, K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), and Support Vector Machines (SVM) for analysing packet loss behaviour in network traffic. Using benchmark network anomaly datasets, the models were trained and tested to assess their ability to classify and predict packet loss patterns. Performance evaluation was carried out using metrics such as Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1-score, and Confusion Matrix. The comparative analysis of the four models indicates that KNN outperforms Decision tree, Random forest, and SVM

Abstract<br><br><br><br> <br><br><br><br> This study explores how globalisation has influenced the way Nigeria and Burkina Faso have implemented their foreign policies between 2019 and 2024. Using only secondary data, the research draws from official documents, academic publications, media reports, and statistical records from national and international institutions. The study is guided by two main theories of international relations: the realist theory, which focuses on how states act in their own interest in a competitive world, and the constructivist theory, which explains how ideas, identities, and social factors shape foreign policy. It also responds to specific research questions about how global changes have affected foreign policy goals, strategies, and outcomes in both countries. The research was based on three objectives and three corresponding research questions. The analysis shows that Nigeria has taken a more active but sometimes inconsistent approach to engaging globally, while Burkina Faso has faced more challenges due to internal instability and changing international partnerships. The findings highlight the role of strong institutions, strategic thinking, and flexibility in dealing with global pressures. Based on the findings, the study makes practical recommendations to improve foreign policy implementation in both countries.

ABSTRACT<br> This study explored the effect of niacin (vitamin B₃) on oxidative stress biomarkers malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase (CAT) in male Wistar rats subjected to fructose-induced oxidative damage. Oxidative stress is a critical contributor to the development of metabolic diseases and is typically marked by elevated levels of MDA and suppressed antioxidant enzyme activity, such as that of CAT. Fructose, widely consumed in sweetened foods and beverages, promotes the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and niacin has been proposed as a potential antioxidant agent.<br> In this study, twenty one male Wistar rats (200–250 g) were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 7 per group): Group 1 (control) received 0.5 mL distilled water; Group 2 (fructose only) received 400 mg/kg bodyweight of fructose; and Group 3 (fructose + niacin) received 400 mg/kg fructose plus 50 mg/kg niacin. All treatments were administered orally once daily for ten days. After fasting and anesthesia with chloroform, blood was collected via cardiac puncture for plasma separation, and liver tissues were harvested, homogenized, and centrifuged for biochemical assays.<br> Plasma and liver samples were analyzed for MDA using a competitive ELISA, and CAT activity was determined via sandwich ELISA, according to manufacturer protocols. Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and analyzed by one-way ANOVA ; p 

ABSTRACT<br> This study was carried out to access the constraints of effective teaching and learning of biology in senior secondary school using some selected school in Obingwa Local Government of Abia State. The study was specifically set to find out whether the lack of laboratory equipment, lack of teaching material, lack of conducive and well equipped school environment, teachers lack of competencies, students negative attitude toward complex and scientific language used affects the teaching and learning of Obingwa local government area of Abia State. The survey design wasadopted and simple random sampling techniques were employed in this study. The population size comprises of biology teachers and students in some selected senior secondary school in obingwa local government area of Abia state. In determining thesample size the researcher conveniently selected 200 respondent and 150 was validated. Self-constructed band validated questionnaire was used for data collection. The collected and validated questionnaire were analyzed using percentage. While the hypothesis work was tested using chi-square statical tool. The result of the finding reveals that negatives attitude of students toward learning biology affect teaching and learning of biology, insufficient teaching material, the teaching methods, unavailability of qualified teachers, Lack of modern laboratory apparatus and Lack of conducive and well equipped school environment affects the teaching and learning of biology in obingwa local government area of Abia State. Therefore it is recommended that teachers should be encouraged to go for workshop training especially in their area of specialization so that they can have knowledge of current ideas and innovation that have taken place in the educational field.

ABSTRACT<br> This study assess the urban agricultural practice at the household level be it crop production or animal husbandry or both forms in Ona-Ara local government area, Oyo state, Nigeria. Consequently, a multi-stage sampling technique was used to collect data from the people that practised urban agriculture in the some selected areas in the eleven wards of the local government. Random sampling was used for administering questionnaire to 284 respondents. The result shows that 37% of the practitioners both rear animals and plants crops, while 32% just engage in crop production and 31% engage in animal animal husbandry only. The study shows that majority of the people that practise urban agriculture engage in backyard farming which is one of the type of urban agriculture by location and this account for 50% of the respondents. It is also gathered that 52% of the respondents that practise crop production and some plant more than one crop on the soil which give them to opportunity to harvest produce all year round and also have varieties of produce. Just 47% of the practitioners engage in monocropping and they mostly plant vegetable and other crops like cocoyam, maize, yam etc. In the area of animal husbandry the most common animal reared are fowls which denotes 43% of the respondents, 27% for ruminant animals, 8% for fishery, 9% for snailery and 13% for piggery. This does not means that they do not cultivate other crops or rear other animals. The result of the analysis revealed that 54.5% of the respondents want to increase their household food stuff which is the major reason for engaging in urban agriculture and other reasons are to augment their income, space utilization. In the data analysis, it also shows that people mostly plant crops during the raining season and 62% of those that rear animals mostly rear chicken and other animal during festive season. Urban agricultural practice is being faced by numerous challenges such as theft, inadequate space, pest and disease, environmental pollution in the study area. Recommendation that are aimed to achieve sustainability in urban agricultural practice were made based on the issues found in the area like the use of bio fencing strategy to improve the security conditions, the use of sacks and buckets for planting to increase space, public enlightenment on environmental consciousness to ameliorate pollution and engaging the agricultural extension workers to educate the people the more on new technology, pests and disease control and other training.

Post-harvest losses of fruits and vegetables due to fungal spoilage pose serious economic and health challenges, especially in developing countries. This study aimed to isolate and determine the pathogenicity of fungal organisms responsible for post-harvest rot of sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) sold in Gadau Market. Samples showing visible signs of spoilage were collected and analyzed using standard microbiological techniques. Fungal isolates were cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) and identified based on cultural and microscopic characteristics. Pathogenicity tests were conducted by inoculating healthy samples with the isolated fungi. Results revealed the presence of fungi such as Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., Rhizopus spp., and Fusarium spp. All isolates demonstrated varying degrees of pathogenicity on the tested produce. The study concludes that fungal contamination significantly contributes to post-harvest losses in Gadau Market. Proper handling, storage, and hygiene practices are recommended to reduce spoilage.

Bananas are among the most widely consumed fruits in the world, yet they are highly perishable. In countries like Nigeria, where the weather is very humid and storage facilities are inadequate, postharvest losses have been extremely high, making the country highly susceptible to banana shortages. This work came up with a simulation model to estimate the shelf life of the banana under different environmental factors based on the trends of microbial spoilage. Microbial growth under varying temperature (10-40°C), relative humidity (50-90%), and moisture content (60-85%), over a 25-day period, was simulated using a modified Gompertz growth model combined with the Arrhenius equation. Findings showed that the greatest influence on spoilage was the temperature.

ABSTRACT<br><br> This project work is titled: Effect Of Advertising On Sales Volume Of A Product. A Survey of Prime Feed and Flour Mills of Nigeria plc, Edo State. The study has other purpose such as how the people reach to the sale of a new product to determine further sale volume due to competition. The information about this study was gathered by personal interview and administering questionnaires. Nigeria Brewery Company has been long known to know what advertising is all about and admit its impact on sales of a new product. They also examine that television medium is more preferable to other media as it displays the message more precisely and clearly. They prefer that the means of advertising message can bring positive on them if the product in question meets a good standard. The conclusion of the researcher is that advertising is the best way and means of a new product.