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ABSTRACT In this study, the structure and regeneration potentials of plant species were examined in a secondary forest in Akwa Ibom State. Four vegetation plots were used for this study. In each plot, two (2) belt transects were laid and in each transect, vegetation was sampled systematically in ten (10) 10 m × 10 m quadrats spaced at regular intervals of 20 m. In each quadrat, plant species were identified to species levels and their density, frequency, height basal area and crown cover were determined. Thirty (30) plant species belonging to twenty (20) families were also encountered. The most frequent species were Calamus deeratus (60 %) and Palisota hirsuta (60 %) while Aframomum daniella, Alchornea cordifolia, Anchomanes difformis, Guara cedrata, Coula argentea, Coula edulis, Khaya senegalensis, Erythrophleum ivorensis, Alstonia boonei, Cnestis ferruginea, Pycnathus angolensis and Piptadeniastrum africanum had the least frequency value of 10 %, respectively. Podococcus barteri had the highest density (510.00 ± 28.51 st/ha) while Erythrophleum ivorensis (10.00 ± 0.80 st/ha), Guara cedrata (10.00 ± 1.10 st/ha) Coula argentea (10.00 ± 1.03 st/ha), Alstonia boonei (10.00 ± 1.00 st/ha), Coula edulis (10.00 ± 1.00 st/ha), Piptadeniastrum africanum (10.00 ± 1.02 st/ha), Pycnathus angolensis (10.00 ± 1.68 st/ha) and Khaya senegalensis (10.00 ± 3.00 st/ha) had the least density values. The tallest species was Berlinia confusa (19.03 ± 3.05 m) and the shortest was Anchomanes difformis (2.05 ± 0.03 m). Khaya ivorensis (12.08 ± 2.30 m2/ha) and Alstonia boonei (0.38 ± 0.09 m2/ha) had the highest and least crown coverage. Khaya ivonresis also highest value for basal area of 6.21 ± 1.06 m2/ha while Maesoboytra dusenii recorded the least value (0.01 ± 0.003 m2/ha). Podococcus barteri was the most adaptive species with the highest Important Value Index (IVI) value of 30.12 while Alchornea cordifolia had the least IVI value of 2.15. The regeneration status of individual species followed this pattern; not regenerating (63.33%), new (16.67%), poor (13.33%), good (3.33%) and fair (3.33%). The result of this study upholds forest protection, conservation, afforestation and ecosystem stability.

ABSTRACT Air quality is a critical aspect of environmental health, influencing both human wellbeing and the ecosystem. Poor Air quality can lead to severe health issues such as cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. In urban areas, there are high levels of pollutants from various sources such as traffic, industrial wastes. This study investigated Air Quality status along Ikpa Road, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria using digital air quality monitors. The research aimed at assessing the levels of air contaminants, identifying potential sources and evaluates their implications on human health. The parameters monitored were: Nitrogen (IV) Oxide (NO2), Sulphur (IV) Oxide (SO2), Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S), Carbon (II) Oxide (CO), Carbon (IV) Oxide (CO2), and Particulate matter (PM2.5). The mean concentrations of the air contaminants and their Air Quality Indices are as follows: Nitrogen (IV) Oxide (0.405±0.013 ppm), Sulphur (IV) Oxide (0.505±0.006 ppm), Hydrogen sulphide (0.20±0.008 ppm), Carbon (II) Oxide (8.00±0.082 ppm), Carbon (IV) Oxide (871±0.817 ppm), and PM2.5 (118.75±0.957 µg/m3). The results were compared with the recommended Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) standards and the results showed that NO2, SO2, CO and PM2.5 were higher than their standards, while CO2, and H2S were within their limits. The outcome of this study indicated that strict strategies should be implemented by the government and its regulatory Agencies to monitor the level of air contaminants and forestall their associated consequences in the State. KEY WORDS: Air Monitoring, Air Pollution, Uyo, Human health problems, and Nigeria.

ABSTRACT Insurance system has been making impact in the contemporary business wood, it is an invaluable resource to management as long as the business require insurance, this srudy examines yhe effect of insurance on the development of business organisation the study collected data from Yammfy farm using primary source of questionnaire and interview method 20, copies of questionnaire were administered among the staff of Yammfy farm, study used to 20 copies of the questionnaire that were valid simple percentage descriptive statistics method was used for data presentation the study used chi squares method to analyze the data and test the hypothesis, the study conclude from the test that insurance has an effect on the development; of business the study recommends that organisation should encourage their employees to gofor insurance.

This study investigates the spatial distribution, socio-demographic characteristics, and environmental impacts of informal welders in Rigasa and Hayin Dan-Mani, Igabi Local Government Area, Kaduna State. The research utilizes Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to map welding workshops and assess their proximity to residential areas, major roads, and industrial zones. The study also examines the socio-demographic profiles of welders, including age, gender, education, and years of experience, and their influence on economic outcomes such as income and client acquisition. Additionally, it evaluates the environmental implications of welding activities, focusing on waste disposal practices, pollution, and safety protocols. Findings reveal that most workshops are clustered in residential and roadside areas due to low costs and accessibility, contributing to environmental pollution and safety risks. The research highlights the lack of formal training, limited access to advanced equipment, and poor waste management among welders. Recommendations include proper zoning, environmental management strategies, and skill development programs to enhance the sustainability and productivity of the informal welding trade. This study provides valuable data for local planning and policy-making to address challenges in the informal sector.

ABSTRACT This study comprehensively investigates the effect of organizational retrenchment policies on employee productivity in Access Bank Plc, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria. In the context of increasing economic pressures, digital transformation, and regulatory reforms, retrenchment practices such as labor casualization, outsourcing, and technological automation have emerged as dominant strategies in the Nigerian banking sector. While these policies are intended to optimize operational efficiency and reduce costs, their impact on workforce performance, specifically in terms of employee commitment, engagement, and efficiency, remains a subject of ongoing debate and limited empirical evidence, particularly at the branch level. Grounded in the Organizational Justice Theory and the Resource-Based View (RBV), this study adopts a descriptive survey design and collects data from 115 valid respondents across five strategically selected Access Bank branches in Ilorin metropolis. The data were analyzed using multiple regression to examine the structural, psychological, and operational consequences of retrenchment policies on remaining employees. The findings revealed that labor casualization had a statistically significant impact on employee commitment, explaining 52.1% of the variation. Outsourcing practices contributed 57.1% to employee engagement, and technological automation had the most pronounced effect, accounting for 74.1% of the variance in employee efficiency. While these strategies can enhance workforce agility and productivity when properly implemented, the study also identified concerns such as reduced morale, unclear roles, and adaptation challenges. The research concludes that although retrenchment can serve as a strategic tool for organizational sustainability, its success hinges on transparent communication, ethical implementation, and employee support systems. This study offers valuable insights for human resource professionals and bank administrators, emphasizing the need to balance cost-reduction objectives with employee-centered approaches to ensure sustainable productivity in Nigeria’s evolving banking landscape.

This study examined the relationship between internal audit efficiency and company performance, using Emenite Enugu as a case study. The research aimed to investigate how the effectiveness of internal audit functions within the company impacts its overall performance. By conducting a thorough analysis of Emenite Enugu's internal audit practices and their correlation with key performance indicators. This study sought to provide valuable insights into the significance of internal audit in enhancing organizational effectiveness and success. The data of this study was collected from the financial statement of Emenite limited. The study adopted ex-post facto and panel data analysis research method Ordinary least square (OLS) technique was employed in the analysis of the data. The study made use of stata econometric software. The findings of this study revealed that internal auditing doesn't significantly improve company's performance for the period given in this study in ROA, while in ROE and EPS revealed that internal auditing significantly improves company's performance for the period given in this study.This study recommended that there is need to ensure that the internal control systems are strengthened and upgraded with new modern security features as these will check any form of loopholes.

ABSTRACT This project presents design, of the upgrading of solar system from form 1kva to 3KVA. The project construction/installation provides an alternative source of power supply via solar energy system to furnish power the power laboratory of eElectrical Engineering department. The whole project comprises of 4parts;: Solar module, charge/controller, inverter and load.

This project demonstrates the implementation of a smart scrolling display message system using the ESP8266 NodeMCU microcontroller board and LED modules. The ESP8266 NodeMCU is a popular Wi-Fi enabled development board that allows for seamless integration with various devices and platforms.